CIBRARY 


'- 


PICTURESQUE   CHICAGO 


AND 


GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 


BALTIMORE  : 

R.    H     WOODWARD    AND    COMPANY. 
1892. 


COPYRIGHT,    189?, 
BY    R.    H.  WOODWARD   AND   COMPANY. 


CONTENTS 


PART    I. 

THE  CITY   OF  CHICAGO. 

PAGE 

A  SKETCH  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO i 


PART    II. 

IMPORTANT    BUILDINGS   AND   POINTS   OF  INTEREST. 

AUDITORIUM  BUILDING 42 

AUDITORIUM  THEATRE 42 

CENTRAL  Music  HALL 42 

AUDITORIUM  HOTEL 4.1 

GRAND  PACIFIC  HOTEL 45 

PALMER  HOUSE 45 

PERMANENT  ART  BUILDING 45 

ART  COLLECTIONS 46 

GRAND  OPERA  HOUSE       46 

HAVLIN'S  THEATRE 46 

BOARD  OF  TRADE  BUILDING 46 

LIBBY  PRISON  MUSEUM     48 

CITY  HALL 49 

COOK  COUNTY  COURT-HOUSE 49 

FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK 50 

CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  BUILDING 52 

TACOMA  BUILDING 52 

TEMPERANCE  TEMPLE  .   .    ,   , 52 

BRIDGES •  53 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

VIADUCTS , 53 

"  ROOKERY" 54 

MASONIC  TEMPLE 56 

POTTER  PALMER 58 

GRANT  STATUE,  LINCOLN  PARK 61 

HAYMARKET  MASSACRE 64 

HAYMARKET  SQUARE 66 

LOGAN  STATUE 65 

MICHIGAN  AVENUE 6> 

GRAND  BOULEVARD 69 

MICHIGAN  BOULEVARD 72 

NEW  BUILDING  OF  CHICAGO  HERALD .  .  72 

ASHLAND  BLOCK 74 

COLUMBUS  BUILDING 74 

WATER  WORKS 77 

VON  LINNE  STATUE 77 

WATER  TOWERS 78 

POST-OFFICE Si 

UNION  STOCK  YARDS 82 

GRAIN  ELEVATORS 85 

WASHINGTON  PARK  CLUB 89 

ARMOUR  MISSION 90 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 90 

CHICAGO  LIGHT 93 

CRIB  AND  BREAKWATER  LIGHTS 94 

GROSSE  POINT  LIGHT 94 

THE  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 94 

HOTELS    .  .  .   . ' 96 

CHICAGO  ATHEN^UM 96 

COOK  COUNTY  HOSPITAL gS 

FIRST  REGIMENT,  I.  N.  G 100 

PRAIRIE  AVENUE ior 

FARWELL  HALL 104 

MCCORMICK  HARVESTING  MACHINE  COMPANY 104 

NEWSPAPERS 106 

COLUMBIAN  ASSOCIATION 105 

GERMAN  SOCIETY  OF  CHICAGO no 

OGONTZ  ASSOCIATION 112 

BAPTIST  MISSIONARY  TRAINING  SCHOOL 113 

RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION    .  .116 


CONTENTS. 


PACK 

ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD 120 

WISCONSIN  CENTRAL  LINES 120 

GRAND  CENTRAL  DEPOT 122 

THE  UNION  DEPOT ' 123 

PULLMAN 124 

PULLMAN  PALACE  CAR  COMPANY 141 


PART    III. 

THE   PARK  SYSTEM. 

CONSERVATORIES 152 

SOUTH  PARKS •  • 158 

DOUGLAS  PARK 158 

DREXEL  BOULEVARD 158 

GARFIELD  PARK     160 

JACKSON  PARK 162 

LAKE  SHORE  DRIVE 162 

LINCOLN  PARK 166 

LINCOLN  PARK  PALM-HOUSE 168 

MICHIGAN  AVENUE  BOULEVARD 168 

OAKWOOD  BOULEVARD 168 

WASHINGTON  BOULEVARD 168 

WASHINGTON  PARK 170 


PART   IV. 

THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 

BIRD'S-EYE  VIEW  OF  EXPOSITION 190 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ADMINISTRATION  BUILDING     .    . 192 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING 195 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  NAVAL  EXHIBIT 197 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  WOMAN'S  BUILDING 201 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  MACHINERY  HALL 207 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  MANUFACTURERS'  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING  .   .   .  210 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ELECTRICAL  BUILDING 213 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  TRANSPORTATION  BUILDING ...    219 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  HALL  OF  MINES  AND  MINING 225 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING 232 

THE  LIVE  STOCK  EXHIBIT 238 

FORESTRY 240 

THE  DAIRY 241 

THE  HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING 244 

FLORICULTURE 247 

THE  FISHERIES  BUILDING 249 

LIVE  FISH  DISPLAY 252 

THE  ART  PALACE 254 

THE  CASINO  AND  PIER 261 

THE  STATE  BUILDINGS  AND  EXHIBITS 262 

THE  TERRITORIES 277 

A  GROUP  OF  STATE  BUILDINGS     277 

OTHER  BUILDINGS ....    279 

SPECIAL  ATTRACTIONS 282 

ARCHEOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY 282 

GOVERNMENT  EXHIBIT 282 

INDIAN  EXHIBIT 282 

NOVEL,  QUAINT  AND  CURIOUS  THINGS 282 

PHYSICIAN'S  BUREAU  OF  SERVICE 288 

MODEL  POST-OFFICE  BUILDING 288 

LITTLE  SHIP  "SANTA  MARIA" 289 

STREET  IN  CAIRO 289 

PALAIS  INDIAN  TEA  HOME 289 

FOREIGN  EXHIBITS 291 


LIST    OK    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

BIRD'S-EYE  VIEW  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO Frontispiece. 

TACOMA  BUILDING * 

GRAND  PACIFIC  HOTEL 7 

PLYMOUTH  CHURCH n 

THE  CITY  HALL 15 

INTERIOR  VIEW  OF  AUDITORIUM  HOTEL 19 

INTERIOR  VIEW  OF  THE  CASINO 23 

DINING-ROOM  OF  THE  AUDITORIUM  HOTEL 27 

INTERIOR  OF  BOARD  OF  TRADE 31 

HAVLIN'S  THEATRE 35 

CORNER  OF  STATE  AND  MADISON  STREETS 39 

INDIAN  MONUMENT 41 

AUDITORIUM  HOTEL 43 

INTERIOR  VIEW  AUDITORIUM  HOTEL 44 

DINING-ROOM  OF  THE  PALMER  HOUSE 47 

LIBBY  PRISON  MUSEUM 48 

RELIC  OF  OLD  COURT-HOUSE  AFTER  THE  FIRE        50 

THE  TEMPLE— WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE  PUBLISHING  HOUSE  ...  51 

INTERIOR  OF  PRESENT  ROOKERY  BUILDING  .   .   ." 54 

THE  ROOKERY  BUILDING 55 

LINCOLN  STATUE     57 

RESIDENCE  OF  POTTER  PALMER 59 

GRANT  STATUE 62 

RESIDENCE  OF  MR.  C.  V.  FARWELL 63 

GRANT  STATUE 64 

POLICEMAN'S  MONUMENT 65 

HAYMARKET  SQUARE— POINT  OF  ANARCHIST  RIOT,  MAY,  1886 67 

THE  LAFAYETTE  STATUE 68 

GRAND  BOULEVARD 70 

MICHIGAN  AVENUE  BOULEVARD     ,   ,   .  - 71 

CHICAGO  HERALD  OFFICE 73 

VIEW  ON  STATE  STREET 75 

ix 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

VON  LINNE  STATUE 77 

SCHILLER  MONUMENT 78 

CHICAGO  WATER  WORKS 79 

SOL'S  CLOCK 81 

JACKSON  PARK  BRIDGE 82 

STOCK  YARDS 85 

SCENE  IN  LINCOLN  PARK 85 

GARFIELD  PARK 86 

ARMOUR  ELEVATOR 87 

INDIAN  MONUMENT 88 

WASHINGTON  PARK  FOUNTAIN #9. 

A  SCENE  ON  THE  CANAL 91 

OAKWOOD  DRIVE 92 

DREXEL  MONUMENT 93. 

THE  METROPOLE  HOTEL 95 

JACKSON  PARK  PAVILION     97 

WORLD'S  FAIR  GLOBE 98 

SEA  WALL 99 

SCENE  IN  LINCOLN  PARK 101 

CHURCH  OF  THE  MESSIAH 102 

SOL'S  CLOCK 103 

JACKSON  PARK  BEACH 105 

SOUTH  PARK  FLAG 106 

GATES  AJAR 107 

DEARBORN  STREET  DEPOT 108 

SOUTH  PARK  LAKE no 

SCENE  IN  THE  DOCK in 

DEARBORN  AVENUE  CHURCH 114 

FLORAL  DESIGN  IN  SOUTH  PARK 115 

IN  THE  STOCK  YARDS 117 

SCENE  IN  LINCOLN  PARK 119 

THE  SHELDON  RESIDENCE i .  i 

SOUTH  PARK  SCENERY 123 

ST.  JAMES'  CHURCH 125 

LINCOLN  PARK  LAKE 127 

STOCK  YARDS 129 

WORLD'S  FAIR  GLOBE 130 

SOL'S  CLOCK „ 131 

BEACH  FRONT 133 

FLORAL  DESIGN 134 


L  IS  T  OF  IL  L  US  TRA  TIONS. 


PAGE 

SCENE  IN  SOUTH  PARK 135 

IN  THE  BEAR  PITS 136 

LINCOLN  PARK  FLOWERS 138,  159 

LINCOLN  MONUMENT 139 

DOUGLAS  MONUMENT 142 

IN  THE  Zoo 143-148 

LINCOLN  PARK  LILY-BEDS 144 

BARTLETTE  RESIDENCE 145 

AMONG  THE  LILIES 147 

COMMERCIAL  NATIONAL  BANK,  DEARBORN  STREET 149 

SOUTH  PARK  LILY  PONDS 151 

THE  CONSERVATORY 152 

LAKE  SHORE  DRIVE 153 

SCENE  IN  LINCOLN  PARK '55-156 

JONES  RESIDENCE 157 

IN  GARFIELD  PARK 160 

NICKERSON  RESIDENCE 161 

ABSTRACT  BUILDING 165 

IN  LINCOLN  PARK 167-170 

AUDITORIUM  BOXES 169 

BOARD  OF  TRADE 172 

BIRD'S-EYE  VIEW  OF  EXPOSITION  GROUNDS 174 

SHIPPING  YARDS      179 

MENADXOCK  BUILDING 182 

CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE 185 

INTERIOR  OF  AUDITORIUM  THEATRE .  188 

ADMINISTRATION  BUILDING 193 

GOVERNMENT  BUILDING 196 

PRAIRIE  AVENUE     . 199 

WOMAN'S  BUILDING 202 

CHICAGO  UNIVERSITY- WHEN  COMPLETED 205 

MACHINERY  HALL 208 

MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS 211 

ELECTRICAL  BUILDING 214 

CENTRAL  Music  HALL 217 

TRANSPORTATION  BUILDING 220 

MINES  AND  MINING  BUILDING 224 

ART  INSTITUTE 227 

MASONIC  TEMPLE 230 

AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING 233 


L  IS  T  OF  IL L  USTKA  TIONS. 


PAGE 

POST-OFFICE 236 

LA  SALLE  STREET 239 

WASHINGTON  PARK  RACE  TRACK 242 

HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING 245 

FISH  AND  FISHERIES  BUILDING 248 

STREET  SCENE 251 

ART  PALACE 255 

AUDITORIUM  CURTAIN 258 

PALMER  HOUSE 260 

RANDOLPH  STRHET     263 

GREAT  NORTHERN  HOTEL 266 

PULLMAN  BUILDING                   263 

ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  R.  R.  TRACKS 272 

MARSHALL  FIELD'S  BUILDING 2-=; 

/  J 

AUDITORIUM  OFFICE 278 

GUNTHER'S  CONFECTIONERY •   •   .  28i 

ARMORY 284 

LAKE  FRONT,  MICHIGAN  AVENUE 28- 

ASHLAND  BANK 290 

FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK 293 


PREFACE. 


THE  story  of  Aladdin  and  his  lamp  is  among  the  most 
wonderful  in  the  literature  of  fable,  and  in  history 
the  story  of  Chicago  stands  among  the  most  marvel- 
lous for  great  and  rapid  growth  in  the  annals  of  the  Old 
and  New  World.  Chicago  has  sprung  into  existence  "  like 
magic."  Its  history  proves  the  old  adage  that  truth  is 
sometimes  stranger  than  fiction. 

All  eyes  are  now  turned  towards  this  great  city  of  the 
West  because  therein  is  to  be  held,  in  1892-1893,  THE 
WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION,  by  which  the  nations  of 
the  earth  are  to  unite  in  celebrating  the  4ooth  anniversary 
of  one  of  the  greatest  events  in  all  history — the  discovery 
of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus,  October  12,  1492. 

In  this  volume  will  be  found  not  only  a  minute  account 
of  the  GREAT  EXPOSITION,  but  also  a  historical  sketch  of 
Chicago,  and  a  descripiion  of  that  city  as  it  is  to-day  in  its 


greatness. 


Many  books  have  been  written  upon  these  subjects,  but 
in  this  one  volume  are  collected  all  the  most  important 
facts,  which  are  presented  in  a  very  attractive  and  enter- 
taining way,  and  which  makes  this  work  rank  among  the 
very  best  of  its  kind. 

THE  PUBLISHERS. 


IMPORTANT   BUILDINGS 


AND 


POINTS  OF  INTEREST  IN  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO. 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO 


AND 


GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 


PART    I. 

A   SKETCH   OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO. 

MATTHEW  ARNOLD  has  called  the  American  people  unin- 
teresting because  "they  had  no  ancient  monuments  of 
man's  industry  and  devotion  ;  no  historic  past  to  inspire 
reverence  and  kindle  imagination ;  nothing  to  throw  a  misty  haze 
over  the  crude  strong  realism  of  the  present."  I  would  like  first 
to  ask  a  question.  ' '  Does  he  consider,  for  instance,  the  building  of 
a  city  like  the  subject  of  our  sketch,  to  be  done  without  industry  and 
devotion?"  Beyond  doubt  there  were  both  in  the  very  highest  de- 
gree ;  true  their  product  is  not  very  ancient,  but  what  is  there  in  the 
natural  order  of  things  that  would  put  such  a  premium  on  the  one 
and  such  a  discount  on  the  other.  And  as  for  reverence ;  I  wonder 
if  there  is  more  reverence,  true  and  sincere,  in  the  breasts  of  the 
English  nation  for  their  entire  historic  past  than  there  is  in  the  hearts 
of  the  American  people  for  the  history  of  the  few  short  years  em- 
braced by  the  greatest  of  all  wars,  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
Imagination  !  It  isn't  possible  for  a  single  person  within  the  bounds 
of  such  a  country,  compelled  by  the  force  of  circumstances  to  daily 
remember  our  past,  to  live  in  our  present,  and  to  contemplate  our 

future,  to  be  without  an  imagination  the  most  vivid. 

1 


2          PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLDS  FAIR. 

I  acknowledge,  and  with  pride,  that  as  a  nation  our  imagination 
has  been  schooled  by  necessity  to  be  practical  as  well  as  theoretical, 
but  for  all  that  it  is  imagination,  purest  and  best.  Who  is  the 
greater,  a  man  like  Moore  who  dreams  of  a  Utopia,  or  one  who  brings 
his  imagination  within  the  bounds  of  reason  and  creates  one? 

Faults  we  have,  and  many  of  them  ;  mistakes  we  have  made,  and 
grievous  ones ;  but  to  be  turned  down  as  commonplace  and  uninter- 
esting, impossible  !  Mr.  Arnold,  your  criticism  is  a  poor  one,  poorer 
for  you  than  for  us. 

Let  us  leave  Mr.  Arnold  and  his  unjust  criticism  and  see  if  we 
can  find  something  of  interest  and  profit  in  a  short  description  of  one 
of  our  greatest  cities  ;  a  city  the  story  of  whose  building  will  one  day 
vie  with  '  'Aladdin  and  his  lamp. ' '  It  has  been  said,  and  truly,  ' '  that 
there  is  not  on  record  an  achievement  of  human  intellect,  skill  and 
industry  that  will  bear  comparison  with  the  transformation  of  a  dis- 
mal swamp  in  the  midst  of  a  trackless  desert,  within  the  space  of  a 
human  life,  into  one  of  the  mightiest  and  grandest  cities  of  the  globe." 

We  will  pass  over  the  discovery  of  the  present  site  and  its  early 
history  very  briefly. 

The  world  first  became  acquainted  with  the  Chicago  river,  or 
portage,  by  a  map  made  by  the  Frenchman,  Joliet,  who  discovered  it 
in  1673.  ^ne  first  settler  was  a  fugitive  San  Domingo  slave,  named 
Pointe  De  Sable.  How  he  escaped  his  master  and  reached  Louisiana, 
and  afterwards  made  his  way  through  the  wilderness  to  this  point  is 
not  known,  but  that  he  was  settled  in  a  cabin  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Chicago  river  and  was  leading  the  life  of  a  trapper  there  in  1779,  is 
a  settled  fact.  Quite  a  settlement  sprang  up.  Le  Mai  bought  out 
De  La  Sable.  Under  him  the  business  and  the  settlement  improved. 
He  in  turn  was  bought  out,  in  1804,  by  Jno.  Kinzie,  the  first  "promi- 
nent citizen." 

About  this  time  the  government  owned  a  small  tract  of  land 
here,  six  miles  square,  ceded  to  it  by  the  Indians.  On  this  land,  in 
the  midst  of  the  wilderness,  owned  by  the  Indians  and  claimed 
by  both  English  and  French,  Fort  Dearborn  was  erected.  This 


TACOMA   BUILDING. 


4          PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

move  was  bold  if  not  reckless.  Under  the  stress  of  the  disastrous 
defeats  and  the  general  uprising  of  the  Indians  in  the  Northwest, 
during  the  war  of  1812,  the  fort  was  evacuated,  and  most  of  the 
retreating  garrison  were  killed  by  the  Indians.  This  broke  up,  for  a 
time,  the  settlement  of  the  Chicago  portage.  The  fort  was  rebuilt  in 
1814.  The  government  at  this  time  also  ordered  a  survey  of  the 
water  courses  between  the  Chicago  and  Illinois  rivers.  Jno.  Kinzie 
and  family  returned,  and  again  the  place  had  white  inhabitants. 

In  1830  Chicago  was  still  what  it  always  had  been — a  military 
post  and  fur  station.  It  boasted  twelve  habitations.  The  old  log 
fort  (with  its  garrison  of  two  companies  of  United  States  troops),  the 
fur  agency,  three  taverns  (patronized  largely  by  idle,  drunken  In- 
dians, who  made  things  lively  as  long  as  their  fur  money  lasted),  two 
stores  (also  largely  patronized  by  Indians),  a  blacksmith  shop,  the 
house  for  the  interpreter  of  the  station,  and  one  occupied  by  Indian 
chiefs.  It  boasted  a  large  and  varied  population,  never  the  same  two 
days  in  succession,  yet  always  the  same.  Most  of  them  were  Indians, 
to  be  sure,  but  then  there  was  little  else  there  but  Indians  and — mud. 
Some  historian  has  said  that  at  that  time  as  many  Indian  trails 
marked  the  prairie  and  concentrated  at  the  agency  house  as  there  are 
railroads  now  terminating  in  the  city  of  Chicago. 

Once  a  year  John  Jacob  Astor  sent  a  schooner  to  the  post  to  con- 
vey supplies  to  it  and  to  take  away  the  year's  product  of  fur.  Once 
a  week  in  summer,  and  twice  a  month  in  winter,  a  mail  rider  brought 
the  news  of  the  great  world  to  this  little  outpost  of  humanity. 

Let  us  pause  a  moment  and  glance  at  two  pictures  (1832-92) 
drawn  by  Mr.  Kirkland  in  his  "Story  of  Chicago."  Point  of  obser- 
vation, the  top  of  the  old  block-house. 

1832 — "a  lonely,  weedy  streamlet  flows  eastward  past  the  fort, 
then  turns  sharp  to  the  right  and  makes  its  weak  way  by  a  shallow, 
fordable  ripple,  over  a  long  sand-bar,  into  the  lake  a  half  mile  to  the 
southward.  At  his  feet,  on  the  river  bank,  stands  the  United  States 
agency  storehouse.  Across  the  river,  and  a  little  to  the  eastward,  is 
the  old  Kinzie  house,  built  of  squared  logs,  by  Pointe  De  Sable, 


A  SKETCH  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO. 


nearly  forty  years  ago :  now  repaired,  enlarged  and  improved  by 
its  owner  and  occupant,  John  Kinzie.  A  canoe  lies  moored  to  the 
bank  in  front  of  the  house  ;  when  any  of  the  numerous  Kinzies  wish 
to  come  to  the  fort  they  can  paddle  across  ;  when  any  one  wishes  to 
go  over  he  can  halloo  for  the  canoe.  Just  west  of  Kinzie' s  house  is 
Duillemette's  cabin,  and  still  further  that  of  John  Burns.  Oppo- 
site Burns'  place  (near  South  State  Street),  a  swampy  branch  enters 
the  river  from  the  south  ;  and  on  the  sides  of  this  branch  there  is  a 
group  of  Indian  wigwams.  The  north  side  of  the  river  is  all  woods, 
except  where  little  garden-patches  are  cleared  around  the  human 
habitations.  The  observer  may  see  the  forks  of  the  stream  a  mile  to 
westward,  but  he  cannot  trace  its  branches,  either  '  River  Guave ' 
to  the  north,  or  '  Portage  River '  to  the  south,  for  the  trees  hide 
them.  Near  him,  to  the  west  and  south,  sandy  flats,  grassy  marshes 
and  general  desolation  are  all  he  can  see.  (Will  that  barren  waste 
ever  be  worth  more  than  a  dollar  an  acre  ?) ' ' 

1892. — "Close  at  hand  one  sees  the  streamlet,  now  a  mighty 
channel,  a  fine,  broad,  deep  water-way  running  straight  between  long 
piers  out  into  the  lake  ;  and  stretching  inland  indefinitely  ;  bordered 
by  elephantine  elevators  ;  spanned  by  magnificent  draw-bridges  each 
built  of  steel  and  moved  by  steam  ;  carrying  on  its  floods  propellers 
of  100,000  bushels  of  grain  capacity.  Looking  north,  west  and  south, 
he  sees  serried  ranks  of  enormous  buildings  towering  for  miles  and 
miles,  each  one  so  tall  as  to  dwarf  the  fort  and  block-house  to  no- 
thingness. He  sees  hundreds  of  miles  of  paved  streets,  thronged  with 
innumerable  passengers  and  vehicles  moving  hither  and  thither, 
meeting  and  impeding  each  other,  so  that  sometimes  so  many  try  to 
pass  that  none  can  pass  ;  all  must  wait  until  the  uniformed  guardians 
of  the  peace  bring  order  out  of  chaos.  Every  acre  of  ground  insight 
is  worth  millions  of  dollars. ' ' 

The  real  history  of  the  place  begins  here.  The  tide  of  emigra- 
tion turned  toward  the  west.  Her  waste  places  were  taken  up  rapidly 
under  the  "  Homestead  Act"  ;  Chicago  began  to  assume  the  appear- 
ance of  a  thrifty  village  ;  and  from  that  time  on,  though  interrupted 


6          PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GL'IDE   TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

now  and  then  by  dreadful  calamities,  her  course  has  been  steady 
upward  and  onward. 

In  1833  there  were  no  less  than  fifty  families  trying  to  solve  the 
two  great  problems  of  how  to  rid  themselves  of  Indians  and  mud. 
The  Indians  were  finally  disposed  of  in  '35  by  the  common  Uncle 
who  bought  their  land  and  sent  them  beyond  the  Mississippi,  and 
Chicago  was  rid  of  them  forever.  "Walking  in  the  imposing  streets 
of  Chicago  to-day,  how  difficult  to  realize  that  fifty  years  have  hardly 
elapsed  since  the  red  men  were  dispossessed  of  the  very  site  on 
which  the  city  stands,  and  were  toted  off  in  forty  days  to  a 
point  now  reached  in  fifteen  hours."  How  they  solved  the  mud 
problem  we  will  explain  later. 

In  1834,  when  the  whole  town  turned  out  on  a  wolf  hunt  and 
succeeded  in  killing  about  fifty,  the  records  give  the  number  of  in- 
habitants as  2,000.  In  1835  there  were  3,000.  Mr.  Parton  in  speak- 
ing of  this  time  gives  a  graphic  sketch  of  the  town  and  the  people 
which  we  will  quote  at  length. 

' '  The  motive  must  have  been  powerful  which  could  induce  such 
large  numbers  of  people  to  settle  upon  that  most  uninviting  shore. 
A  new  town  on  a  flat  prairie,  as  seen  from  car  windows,  has  usually 
the  aspect  which  is  described  as  God-forsaken.  Wagon-wheels  had 
obliterated  the  only  beauty  the  prairie  ever  had,  and  streaked  it  with 
an  excellent  article  of  blacking.  There  may  have  been  twenty  little 
wooden  houses  in  the  place  ;  but  it  is  '  laid  out '  with  all  the  rigor 
of  mathematics  ;  and  every  visible  object,  whether  animate  or  inani- 
mate,— the  pigs  that  root  in  the  soft,  black,  prairie  mire,  the  boys, 
the  horses,  the  wagons,  the  houses,  the  fences,  the  school-houses,  the 
steps  of  the  stores,  the  railroad  platform,  are  all  powdered  or  plastered 
with  disturbed  prairies.  If,  filled  with  compassion  for  the  unhappy 
beings  whom  stern  fate  seems  to  have  cast  out  upon  that  dismal 
plain,  far  from  the  abodes  of  men,  the  traveler  enters  into  conversa- 
tion with  them,  he  finds  them  all  hope  and  animation,  and  disposed 
to  pity  him  because  he  neither  owns  any  corner  lots  in  that  future 
metropolis,  nor  has  intellect  enough  to  see  what  a  speculation  it 


8          PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

would  be  to  buy  a  few.  What  a  pity  !  You  might  as  well  pity  the 
Prince  of  Wales  because  he  is  not  yet  king." 

But,  for  all  the  hope  and  animation  of  the  inhabitants,  for  many 
years  in  all  prairie  towns  it  was  shunned  the  most  by  those  who  were 
looking  for  the  pleasant  and  the  beautiful  and,  no  wonder,  if  there  be 
any  truth  in  the  following  quotation  also  from  Mr.  Parton.  "The 
prairie  on  that  part  of  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  appears  to  the  eye 
as  flat  as  the  lake  itself,  and  its  average  height  above  the  lake  is  about 
six  feet  A  gentleman  who  arrived  at  Chicago  from  the  South  in 
1833,  reports  that  he  waded  the  last  eight  miles  of  his  journey  in  water 
from  one  to  three  feet  deep, — a  sheet  of  water  extending  as  far  as  the 
eye  would  reach  over  what  is  now  the  fashionable  quarter  of  Chicago 
and  its  most  elegant  suburbs.  Another  traveler  records,  that,  in 
1831,  in  riding  about  what  is  now  the  very  center  and  heart  of  the 
business  portion  of  the  city,  he  often  felt  the  water  swashing  through 
his  stirrups.  Even  in  dry  summer  weather  that  part  of  the  prairie 
was  very  wet,  and  during  the  rainy  season  no  one  attempted  to  pass 
over  it  on  foot.  'I  would  not  have  given  sixpence  an  acre  for  the 
whole  of  it,'  said  a  gentleman,  speaking  of  land  much  of  which  is 
now  held  at  one  thousand  dollars  a  foot.  It  looked  so  unpromising 
to  farmers'  eyes,  that  Chicago  imported  a  considerable  part  of  its  pro- 
visions from  the  eastern  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  as  late  as  1838. 
This  Chicago  now  feeds  States  and  Kingdoms. ' ' 

Many  people  ignorant  of  its  real  situation  are  at  a  loss  to  account 
for  the  startling  growth  of  the  place.  If  they  will  follow  us  for  a  brief 
space  we  will  try  to  show  them  not  only  that  it  is  not  mysterious  but 
that  under  existing  circumstances  it  could  not  have  been  otherwise. 
The  only  recommendation  the  place  gave  to  the  first  settlers  was  the 
inlet  which  offered  a  chance  for  a  harbor  on  the  coast  of  a  very  stormy 
and  dangerous  lake,  an  advantage  offered  by  no  better  sites.  The 
inlet,  or  river  as  it  is  called,  is  simply  a  cutting  of  the  lake  into  the 
soft  prairie ;  it  was  100  yards  wide  and  ran  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
straight  into  the  prairie  where  it  divided  into  two  branches,  one  run- 
ning north  and  the  other  south  and  both  parallel  with  the  lake  shore. 


A  SKETCH  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO. 


These  branches  extended  several  miles  each.  It  was  originally  twenty 
feet  deep,  but  the  mouth  was  so  obstructed  that  only  very  small  ves- 
sels could  enter ;  but  nature  had  done  her  share  and  it  only  wanted  the 
engineer  and  the  dredge  to  make  it  capable  of  receiving  the  largest 
ships  that  sail  the  lake  and  to  give  to  the  city  forty  miles  of  wharves. 
Situated  at  the  southern  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  from  eight 
hundred  to  nine  hundred  miles  from  the  principal  ports  on  the  At- 
lantic seaboard  ;  twenty-four  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  San  Fran- 
cisco, directly  on  the  natural  highway  from  East  to  West,  and  from 
the  great  northwestern  States  to  the  Atlantic  ;  having  all  the  advan- 
tages of  a  seaport  town  combined  with  those  of  a  great  inland  feeder, 
it  is  not  strange  Chicago  has  grown  with  the  development  and  ac- 
cessibility of  that  wonderful  region,  of  which  it  is  the  great  depot, 
exchange,  counting-house  and  metropolis. 

Well  might  these  prairies  so  long  considered  a  wilderness  and 
left  to  the  trapper,  the  Indian  and  the  buffalo,  be  called  the  ' '  treasure- 
house  ' '  of  nature,  for  there  is  no  known  spot  on  this  globe  where  she 
has  been  so  lavish  in  the  variety  and  quantity  of  what  man  needs  for 
the  sustenance  and  the  decoration  of  his  life,  or  where  she  has  placed 
fewer  and  smaller  obstacles  in  his  way.  "That  is  the  region  where 
a  deep  furrow  can  be  drawn  through  the  richest  mould  for  thirty 
miles  or  more,  without  striking  a  pebble,  a  bog,  or  a  root ;  and  under 
almost  every  part  of  which  there  is  deposited  some  kind  of  mineral — 
coal,  clay,  stone,  lead,  iron — useful  to  man.  Besides  being  well  wa- 
tered by  rivers,  nowhere  is  it  so  easy  to  make  artificial  highways — 
roads,  railroads  and  canals." 

The  climate  although  occasionally  extremely  warm  or  cold  is  on 
the  whole  remarkably  pleasant  and  health}-.  The  air  is  cool  and 
bracing  through  most  of  the  summer  ;  hot  nights  are  rare.  In  fact, 
there  is  none  better.  There  is,  no  doubt,  a  great  deal  of  truth  in  the 
theory  that  the  wonderful  growth  of  the  city  can  be  attributed  in  part 
to  the  stimulating  atmosphere  which  arouses  all  the  latent  energy  in 
the  human  system  and  makes  possible  the  hard  mental  and  physical 
labor  of  the  people. 


10        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 

In  1 837  the  whole  country  was  depressed  and  Chicago  did  not 
escape  ;  for  five  years  there  was  no  increase  in  her  population.  Her 
real  estate  boom  fell  flat ;  corner  lots,  river  fronts  and  lake  borders 
found  no  buyers.  It  is  said  that  there  are  millionaires  in  Chicago  to- 
day only  because  they  could  not  sell  their  land  at  any  price  during 
those  years  of  depression  and  despondency. 

It  was  during  this  dark  period  (1837  to  1842)  that  Chicago  made 
her  first  shipments  of  salt  meat  and  wheat.  In  1838  some  reckless 
fellow  shipped  thirty-nine  two-bushel  bags  of  wheat  across  the  lake ; 
next  year  4,000  bushels  were  exported  ;  the  next  10,000 ;  and  in  1842 
it  jumped  to  600,000.  The  grain  was  brought  in  great  canvas-covered 
wagons,  prairie  schooners,  from  the  surrounding  country,  some  of  it 
coming  as  far  as  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  and  shipped  by  the  lake. 
Before  Chicago  had  a  railroad  or  a  canal  she  shipped  two  and  a  half 
millions  of  bushels  of  grain  in  one  year  and  sent  back  most  of  the 
wagons  that  brought  it  loaded  with  merchandise. 

The  canal  connecting  the  Chicago  river  with  the  Illinois,  and 
through  that  river  the  Mississippi,  was  finished  in  1848.  This 
opened  up  a  large  area  hitherto  not  profitable  to  cultivation. 

A  scheme  for  a  railroad  to  Elgin  was  proposed,  but  opposed  by 
almost  every  one  ;  they  argued  that  if  a  road  was  built  to  Elgin  the 
farmers  would  sell  their  grain  and  buy  their  merchandise  there,  and 
thus  ruin  the  town.  How  blinded  to  their  own  interests  !  They  did 
not  see  their  entire  success  depended  on  their  accessibility  to  the 
Eastern  States  and  to  the  great  prairie  world.  At  last,  after  many 
difficulties, 'the  road  was  put  through  by  the  perseverance  of  a  few 
men.  Compare  the  policy  of  the  people  then  and  now. 

"When  in  1853  the  road  paid  a  dividend  of  n  per  cent,  and  it 
was  found  that  Chicago  had  trebled  its  population  in  six  years  after 
the  opening  of  the  canal,  and  that  every  mile  of  railway  had  poured 
its  quota  of  wealth  into  Chicago's  coffers,  then  the  truth  took  posses- 
sion of  the  whole  mind  of  the  city  and  became  its  fixed  idea,  that 
every  acre  with  which  it  could  put  itself  into  easy  communication 
must  pay  tribute  to  it  forever.  From  that  time  on  there  has  been  no 


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12        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO   THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 

pause,  no  hesitation  ;  she  saw  her  vocation  was  to  put  every  good 
acre  in  all  that  region  within  ten  miles  of  a  railroad,  and  to  connect 
every  railroad  with  a  system  of  ship-canals  terminating  in  the  Missis- 
sippi or  the  Atlantic  Ocean."  Since  then  all  the  surplus  force  and 
revenue  of  Chicago  has  been  expended  in  making  itself  the  centre  of 
the  great  system  of  railroads  and  canals  that  it  is  to-day. 

"The  Forties  saw  the  beginning,  in  a  small  way,  of  nearly  all 
the  great  institutions  Chicago  now  enjoys.  In  1841  the  first  water- 
works were  built.  The  first  propeller  was  launched  in  1842,  in 
which  year  the  exports  were  for  the  first  time  greater  than  the  im- 
ports. The  first  book  compiled,  printed,  bound  and  issued  is  said  to 
have  been  in  1843.  The  first  meat  for  the  English  market  was 
packed  in  1845.  ^n  l^4^  the  River  and  Harbor  convention  met, 
and  Chicago  was  made  a  port  of  entry.  In  1847  the  first  permanent 
theatre  was  opened  (Rice's,  south  side  of  Randolph  street,  between 
State  and  Dearborn  streets),  and  McCormick's  reaper  factory  was 
started.  In  1848  the  first  telegram  was  received,  being  a  message 
from  Milwaukee,  and  later  the  '  Pioneer,'  the  first  locomotive,  was 
landed  from  the  brig  'Buffalo'  and  started  out  on  the  Galena 
railway.  In  the  same  year  the  Board  of  Trade  was  established  and 
the  canal  opened.  In  1849  the  'Chicago  &  Galena  Union  Railroad' 
was  opened  to  Elgin."  Certainly  this  is  a  good  showing  for  ten 
years. 

Let  us  notice  here  briefly  this  first  railroad,  for  without  this 
power  of  steam  to  annihilate  distance  all  her  natural  advantages 
would  count  for  little.  As  mentioned  above,  the  first  locomotive  arrived 
in  1848  on  the  brig  "Buffalo."  It  was  a  small  affair,  built  by  Bald- 
win, of  Philadelphia,  weighed  only  ten  tons  and  had  two  drivers, 
instead  of  four,  six  or  eight,  now  used.  The  entire  equipment  of  the 
road  consisted  of  this  engine,  five  flat  cars  and  one  box  car.  On  No- 
vember 20  the  first  train  drew  out  of  Chicago  amid  the  cheers  of  the 
people  who  had  little  to  lose  and  the  forebodings  of  most  of  those  who 
had  much.  At  the  present  time  over  ninety  thousand  miles  of  railroad 
centers  in  Chicago.  She  is  "the  greatest  railway  depot  in  the  uni- 


A  SKETCH  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO.  13 

verse — more  passengers  arrive  and  depart,  more  merchandise  is  re- 
ceived and  shipped  there  daily  than  in  any  other  city  on  the  globe." 
1 849  was  the  year  of  the  great  flood  ;  all  the  bridges  were  swept  away, 
vessels  and  canal  boats  broken  into  kindling  by  the  ice  and  the 
wharves  ruined.  The  Democrat  stated  the  losses  as  follows  :  Damage 
to  bridges,  $15,000  ;  to  vessels,  $58,000  ;  to  canal  boats,  $30,000  ;  to 
wharves,  $5,000.  Total,  $108,000.  In  this  age,  when  the  cost  of  a 
single  bridge  or  vessel  far  exceeds  the  total,  the  loss  seems  inconsider- 
able, but  to  a  thoughtful  person  there  is  a  deal  of  history  in  it. 

At  this  time  the  long  disputed  and  vexing  question  of  the  respec- 
tive rights  of  landsmen  and  sailors  came  to  a  judicial  adjustment 
When  Lake  Street  Bridge  was  begun,  its  opponents  appealed  to 
Judge  Drummond,  of  the  United  States  District  Court,  for  an  injunc- 
tion, relying  on  the  right  of  the  General  Government  to  keep  from 
obstruction  the  navigable  waters  under  its  control.  The  complaint 
was  dismissed,  the  learned  judge  holding  that  "the  right  of  free 
navigation  is  not  inconsistent  with  the  right  of  the  State  to  provide 
means  of  crossing  the  river  by  bridges  or  otherwise,"  when  the  wants 
of  the  public  require  them.  But  for  a  long  time  there  was  still 
trouble  ;  when  a  favorable  wind  would  blow  the  vessels  would  steam 
up  the  river  in  a  line  that  would  keep  the  draw  open  for  hours.  This 
caused  great  inconvenience  and  delay  to  those  who  happened  to  want 
to  cross.  This  trouble  is  now  obviated  by  the  tunnels  and  by  keep- 
ing the  bridges  open  for  land  travel  at  certain  times. 

Thus  we  see  Chicago  well  started  on  her  way  as  a  commercial 
centre  ;  as  we  have  seen  she  receives  the  products  of  the  prairies  and 
ships  them  East,  she  receives  merchandise  from  the  East  and  supplies 
the  prairies,  but  here  she  is  confronted  by  a  new  problem — that  of 
economy  in  transportation.  When  "prairie  schooners"  conveyed 
the  grain  and  the  cattle  came  afoot,  when  it  took  a  month,  under 
favorable  circumstances,  to  reach  the  Atlantic  Coast,  she  never  gave 
the  matter  a  thought,  but  as  her  facilities  increased  it  did  not  take 
her  long  to  see  the  vast  importance  of  the  question  ;  and  how 
thoroughly  she  has  mastered  it.  The  first  step  was  by  sending  away 


14        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 


a  great  part  of  wheat  in  the  shape  of  flour.  The  output  in  1867  was 
30,000  barrels  ;  in  1891  it  was  nearly  5,000,000.  But  it  is  in  the 
transportation  of  corn  that  the  most  surprising  economy  is  effected. 
"  A  way  has  been  discovered  of  packing  fifteen  or  twenty  bushels  of 
Indian  corn  in  a  single  barrel.  The  '  corn  crop, '  as  Mr.  S.  B.  Rug- 
gle  once  remarked  in  Chicago,  '  is  condensed  and  reduced  in  bulk  by 
feeding  it  into  an  animal  form — more  portable.  The  hog  eats  corn, 
and  Europe  eats  the  hog.  Corn  thus  becomes  incarnate  ;  for  what  is 
the  hog  but  fifteen  or  twenty  bushels  of  corn  on  four  legs  ? '  " 

The  business  of  pork-packing,  as  it  is  called,  which  can  only  be 
done  to  advantage  on  a  large  scale,  has  attained  enormous  proportions 
in  Chicago,  started  in  1840,  and  there  were  nearly  nine  million  hogs 
received  into  Chicago  in  1891,  about  one-third  of  the  entire  product 
of  the  west.  Some  of  these  establishments  do  a  business  of  one  mil- 
lion dollars  a  week.  Chicago  not  only  largely  supplies  this  country 
but  sends  a  great  deal  abroad.  Her  dealings  in  beef  are  even  larger 
than  in  pork  ;  for  a  number  of  years  the  larger  part  of  the  fresh  beef 
consumed  in  our  Eastern  cities  is  Chicago  dressed. 

The  western  steer  is  an  awkward  piece  of  ' '  raw  material ' '  to 
handle.  In  will  he  is  perverse,  and  his  power  of  resistance  is  not 
to  be  despised,  and  despite  his  ugliness  he  must  be  shown  the  great- 
est consideration  ;  he  must  not  be  injured  or  bruised  in  any  way  ;  he 
must  have  two  pails  of  water  every  twelve  hours  and  he  cannot  go 
long  without  a  large  bundle  of  hay.  Chicago  has  reduced  the  hand- 
ling of  these  millions  of  live  animals  to  a  science.  That  is,  they  are 
handled  with  the  greatest  possible  convenience  to  man  and  the  least 
possible  inconvenience  to  the  animal.  Her  methods  cannot  but  be 
admired  and  approved.  (See  Stock-yards  later. ) 

In  the  "Standard  Guide  to  Chicago,"  the  following  very  funny 
description  of  one  of  the  "guides"  at  the  stock-yards  is  given. 
' '  There  is  one  particular  guide  at  the  stock-yards  frequently  pointed 
out  as  an  extremely  interesting  fellow.  This  is  'Old  Bill,'  the 
bunko  steer.  He  is  perhaps  the  most  depraved  animal  in  existence. 
There  is  no  element  of  brotherly  love  or  patriotism  in  his  nature. 


16        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

His  duty  at  the  yards  is  to  guide  droves  of  cattle  to  the  slaughter- 
houses. He  has  mastered  his  little  act ;  reduced  steering  steers  to  a 
science.  Every  day  he  takes  his  post  near  one  of  Armour's  packing- 
houses and  waits  until  it  is  necessary  to  drive  a  herd  of  cattle  up  the 
viaduct  to  the  killing  rooms.  He  then  joins  the  drove,  ingratiates 
himself  into  their  good  will,  and  tells  them  that  he  knows  a  good  pas- 
ture not  far  away.  At  his  suggestion  the  cattle  think  about  it  and 
finally  resolve  to  let  him  lead  them  there.  Bill,  the  bunko  steer, 
laughs  softly  and  a  cruel  look  lights  his  eyes.  He  lopes  off  through 
the  mud  towards  a  large  gate  not  far  away.  Following  after  him  are 
a  hundred  or  more  cattle,  every  one  entertaining  a  vision  of  gently 
swelling  hills  covered  with  long  wavy  blue-grass  and  sweet  clover 
blossoms.  Bill  leads  them  to  this  gate  and  allows  the  herd  to  go 
through  it,  while  he  steps  aside  and  avoids  the  rush.  As  the  dust  of 
the  rush  clears  off  a  little  a  familiar  figure  is  observed  slowly  strolling 
away  from  the  gate.  It  is  '  Bill. '  On  his  face  is  no  remorse  as  he 
saunters  back  to  his  post  of  duty  near  a  tall  fence.  He  is  then  ready 
to  betray  a  couple  hundred  more  of  his  unsuspecting  relations." 

Many  people  rank  the  packing  business  the  first  of  Chicago's 
industries ;  this  is  a  great  mistake,  because  her  trade  in  lumber  is 
equally  as  important  and  her  manufactories  are  more  valuable  than 
the  two  put  together. 

The  prairies  are  without  timber.  Chicago  brings  lumber  from 
the  upper  lakes  and  sends  it  all  over  the  prairies.  In  1890,  she  dis- 
posed of  2,000,000,000  feet  of  pine  lumber  and  3, 000,000,000  shingles. 
Think  of  the  houses  that  much  lumber  would  build  !  To  economize 
transportation  there  are  firms  that  sell  ready-made  houses,  stores, 
churches,  etc.,  and  villages  for  that  matter,  and  will  send  them 
securely  packed  to  any  part  of  the  country,  express  paid,  on  the 
receipt  of  price.  What  more  can  any  one  ask  ? 

When  we  left  Chicago  itself,  some  pages  back,  to  describe  her 
industries,  she  was  nothing  more  than  a  thriving  country  village. 
Great  changes  have  taken  place.  Her  population  has  increased  from 
thirty  thousand  in  1850,  to  one  million  three  hundred  thousand  in 


A  SKETCH  OF  THp  CITY  OF  CHICAGO.  17 

1891.  From  1876  to  1891  there  were  sixty  thousand  buildings 
erected,  at  a  cost  of  three  hundred  and  ten  million  dollars,  with  a 
street  frontage  of  two  hundred  and  eighty-six  miles.  Her  area  in 
1835  was  nearly  three  square  miles,  now  it  is  nearly  eighteen 
square  miles.  The  city  frontage  on  the  lake  is  twenty-two 
miles  and  on  the  river  fifty-eight.  The  distance  between 
North  Seventy-first  street,  being  the  northern  city  limit,  and 
One  Hundred  and  Thirty-ninth  street,  being  its  southern  limit,  is 
twenty-four  miles.  The  city  at  its  broadest  point  is  ten  and  one-half 
miles  wide.  State  street  has  the  greatest  extension  north  and  south, 
running  from  North  avenue  to  the  south  city  limits,  eighteen  miles  ; 
Eighty-seventh,  the  greatest  western  extension,  running  the  entire 
width  of  the  city.  Her  entire  mileage  of  streets  is  two  thousand 
two  hundred  and  thirty-five. 

The  city  is  no  longer  a  quagmire.  For  many  years,  after 
Chicago  had  become  a  flourishing  town,  the  "one  unequal ed,  uni- 
versal, inevitable,  invincible  thing  about  the  place  was — mud." 
Mired  wagons  were  an  every  day  sight  in  the  streets.  A  stage-coach 
stuck  fast  and  immovable  for  days  has  a  sign  near  it  "no  bottom 
here. ' '  One  gentleman  says  he  saw  a  lady  who  was  trying  to  cross 
Randolph  Street  at  La  Salle,  leave  both  shoes  in  the  mire  and  only 
reach  the  sidewalk  in  her  stockings.  He  does  not  say,  however,  that 
he  swam  out  and  rescued  those  dirty  pedal  appendages  ;  he  must  have 
been  a  very  modest  or  a  very  ungallant  man. 

The  people  were  in  despair,  since  water  will  only  run  down  hill, 
and  part  of  the  town  was  below  the  level  of  the  lake.  "The  first 
effort  at  drainage  was  a  curious  experiment.  Lake  Street  was  exca- 
vated to  the  depth  of  three  feet,  deepest  in  the  middle,  and  planks 
laid  from  sidewalk  to  centre.  This  did  admirably  in  dry  weather. 
In  '  wet  spells  '  the  planks  were  unfortunately  not  submerged  ;  they 
were  afloat,  and  under  the  impact  of  the  wheels  and  hoofs  sent  up 
streaks  and  shoots  of  vileness  indescribable."  Then  they  tried  open 
ditches,  but  this  was  as  great  a  failure  as  the  other.  Many  were  the 
experiments  and  many  the  failures.  They  could  not  help  it;  the 


18        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLDS  FAIR. 

whole  prairie  was  at  fault.  At  last  they  awoke  to  the  fact  that 
nothing  could  be  of  any  permanent  good  short  of  raising  the  whole 
town.  At  once  a  higher  grade  was  established,  to  which  all  new 
buildings  were  required  to  conform ;  this  was  not  high  enough,  a 
higher  one  was  ordered ;  even  this  did  not  answer,  and  a  third  raise 
was  made.  So  that  now  the  city  stands  nearly  sixteen  feet  above  the 
original  prairie.  Think  of  this  task  of  lifting  a  city  like  this  out  of 
the  mud  and  water  high  enough,  not  only,  to  make  drainage  possible 
but  perfect,  and  to  give  cellars — they  had  none  before — in  which 
books  and  merchandise  can  be  stored  with  safety.  To  us  it  seems  in- 
credible. 

"During  the  term  of  years,  while  Chicago  was  going  up  out  of  the 
mud  of  the  prairie  to  its  present  elevation,  it  was  the  best  place  in  the 
world  in  which  to  develop  the  muscles  of  the  lower  half  of  the  body." 
A  street  would  be  raised  say  six  feet;  then  the  old  houses  would  be 
in  the  ditch;  the  new  ones  of  course  on  the  same  grade  as  the  street; 
so,  if  a  man  wanted  to  be  neighborly  steps  had  to  be  built.  "The 
ups  and  downs  of  life  in  Chicago  "  was  long  a  standing  joke. 

This  state  of  affairs  did  not  last  long  with  the  better  class  of 
people  and  buildings.  The  people  are  too  energetic  and  have  too 
much  public  spirit.  One  of  the  greatest  undertakings  along  this  line 
was  the  raising  bodily,  of  the  huge  Tremont  House,  a  solid  hotel  as 
large  as  the  Astor,  from  its  foundations  to  the  proper  level.  Speaking 
of  this  gigantic  task,  Mr.  Kirkland,  in  his  story  of  Chicago  says: 
"With  the  trouble  came  (once  more!)  the  remedy.  A  contractor  was 
found  willing  to  raise  the  whole  great  high  building  (the  Tremont 
House)  to  its  new  grade,  without  even  interrupting  its  business.  The 
cellar  was  vacated,  huge  timbers  were  introduced  and  placed  so  as  to 
take  upon  themselves  the  weight  of  sustaining  walls,  five  thousand 
jack-screws  were  placed  under  the  timbers,  and  a  small  army  of  men 
detailed  to  work  by  word  of  command,  one  man  to  four  screws. 
Then,  at  a  signal  by  the  whistle  of  the  foreman,  each  man  gave  each 
jack-screw  one-half  turn;  and  the  wrhole  structure,  by  imperceptible 
steps,  rose  in  the  air,  the  bricklayers  building  up  the  walls  as  fast  as 


20        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  7^O  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


there  came  spare  space  wherein  to  lay  a  course  of  brick.  It  was  said 
the  guests  did  not  know  they  were  mounting  toward  the  sky.  How- 
ever that  may  be,  not  a  wall  was  cracked,  not  the  slightest  accident 
or  untoward  event  took  place  to  interfere  with  the  entire  and  perfect 
success  of  the  novel  experiment." 

To  quote  still  farther  the  same  author  :  "Soon  after,  the  entire 
brick  block  of  stores  facing  south  on  Lake  street,  and  reaching 
from  Clark  to  La  Salle  street,  was  similarly  treated,  and  these  were 
only  specimen  instances  of  a  great  undertaking  ;  the  lifting  of  a 
whole  city  out  of  the  slough  of  Despond  on  to  dry  ground. 

"This  enterprise  benefited  Chicago  indirectly,  thus:  A  young 
man,  born  in  central  New  York  in  1831,  grown  up  without  wealth  and 
educated  without  help,  having  a  widowed  mother  dependent  on  him 
for  support,  had  bravely  undertaken  a  large  contract  for  the  raising  of 
buildings  along  Erie  Canal  to  the  new  plane  made  necessary  by  the 
canal  enlargement  then  recently  effected.  The  knowledge  of  the 
great  task  to  be  done  in  Chicago  in  the  direct  line  of  his  experience 
brought  him  out  to  the  West,  and  he  became  the  leading  house  raiser 
in  Chicago.  That  man  was  George  M.  Pullman.  After  making 
much  reputation  and  a  little  money  in  his  original  business,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  greater  job  of  improving  the  system  of  long-dis- 
tance travel,  and  began,  in  a  small  way,  the  enterprise  which  has 
revolutionized  the  passenger-carrying  of  the  country,  and,  to  some 
extent,  of  the  whole  world." 

Another  problem  closely  allied  to  this  is  the  question  of  sew- 
age. This  is  a  continual  source  of  worry  and  menace.  It  has 
confronted  them  for  years  and  confronts  them  yet,  but  their  indomit- 
able energy  and  resolution  will  win  here  as  it  has  in  every  other  case. 

u  In  the  remote  past,  the  overflow  of  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior 
and  Lake  Michigan  ran  through  the  Mississippi  south  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  instead  of  as  now — northeast  through  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence to  the  Atlantic.  At  the  same  time  Lake  Erie  was  emptying 
into  the  Atlantic  through  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence  ;  not 
by  the  Niagara,  but  by  the  Dundas  valley,  a  channel  not  far  from  the 


A  SKETCH  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO.  21 

line  of  the  present  Welland  canal.  Then,  at  some  epoch  unknown 
and  for  some  cause  unguessed,  the  Detroit  strait  and  the  Niagara 
strait  were  opened,  Lake  Michigan  slowly  fell  about  thirty  feet,  and 
its  outlet  (now  'the  Divide,'  at  Summit,  close  to  the  city  limits, 
twelve  miles  southwest  of  the  court-house)  gradually  filled  up  with 
mixed  deposit  ;  so  that  to-day  the  dry  bed  of  Mud  Lake  is  the  sole 
remaining  representative  of  the  once  great  southward  waterway. 
Within  a  few  years,  long  before  the  close  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
the  old  order  of  things  must  be  re-established  and  mighty  Michigan 
once  more  find  its  waters  flowing  southward.  The  hand  of  man  will 
compel  it  again  to  turn  in  its  bed,  and  lie  with  its  head  to  the  north 
and  its  foot  to  the  south  as  of  old.  The  canal  which  is  to  be  built  as 
an  outlet  will  carry  a  stream  of  water  160  feet  wide,  18  feet  deep, 
flowing  2  ]/->  miles  an  hour.  Through  this  canal  the  largest  steamers 
might  float,  but  it  is  not  intended  that  passage  through  shall  be  pro- 
vided for  them,  because  the  locks  by  which  they  would  have  to  de- 
scend (151^2  feet)  to  reach  the  Illinois  river  are  too  small  and  the  river 
itself  is  far  too  shallow  for  their  accommodation.  Some  Mississippi 
boats  can  come  to  us,  but  our  stately  ships  cannot  go  to  them.  Each 
must  break  bulk  in  Chicago.  Also — an  important  consideration — 
light  draft  gunboats  may  pass  and  repass  freely  between  the  great 
lakes  and  the  great  river.-  As  we  stand  now,  any  nation  having  con- 
trol of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Welland  canal  has  at  least  the  high- 
way necessary  to  command  Lake  Erie,  St.  Clair,  Huron  and  Michigan 
with  all  that  lies  on  their  shores.  To  accomplish  the  ends  desired 
will  cost  the  Sanitary  District  (practically  the  city  of  Chicago)  about 
$20,000,000. 

u  The  one  great  object  of  this  ship  canal,  however,  is  to  dispose 
of  Chicago  sewage.  When  the  population  was  small,  the  city  was 
drained  by  the  Chicago  river  and  the  lake.  Years  ago  it  became 
apparent  that  a  change  would  have  to  be  made  in  this  respect.  The 
course  of  the  Chicago  river  is  naturally  into  Lake  Michigan,  but 
pumping  works  were  erected  at  Bridgeport,  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  citv,  which  lift  an  average  of  40,000  cubic  feet  per  minute  into 


22        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 

the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  causing,  under  ordinary  conditions, 
a  perceptible  current  away  from  the  lake.  The  water  thus  pumped 
into  the  canal  flows  south  to  the  Illinois  river  and  thence  to  the 
Mississippi.  Pumping  works  at  Fullerton  Ave.,  on  the  north  branch 
of  the  Chicago  river,  force  water  from  the  lake  into  that  stream, 
diluting  its  contents,  and  furnishing  the  head  needed  for  a  flow  toward 
the  Bridgeport  pumps.  This  means  of  disposing  of  the  city's  sewage 
is  wholly  inadequate  to  its  needs,  and  the  pollution  of  the  water  sup- 
ply of  the  city  is  constantly  menaced.  Measures  have  therefore  been 
taken  to  construct  a  large  gravity  channel  as  an  outlet  for  the  sew- 
age of  Chicago  into  the  Illinois  river.  The  Chicago  Sanitary  District 
has  been  formed  by  act  of  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Illinois  ;  nine 
trustees  have  been  elected  to  supervise  the  construction  of  a  channel ; 
a  corps  of  engineers  has  been  set  at  work  making  preliminary  sur- 
veys, and  plans  are  being  perfected  for  a  channel  which  will  answer 
the  double  purpose  of  disposing  of  the  city's  sewage  and  establishing 
a  navigable  waterway  for  the  interchange  of  commerce  between  Lake 
Michigan  and  the  Mississippi  River." 

Thus,  by  one  operation,  the  pumping  is  obviated,  the  canal  is 
improved,  the  river  is  purified,  and  the  city  is  rendered  more  salu- 
brious. The  Chicago  River  will  at  length  be  a  river ;  only,  it  will 
run  backwards. 

The  question  of  pure  water  is  an  important  one.  Previous  to 
1854  it  was  pumped  out  of  the  lake  ;  but  the  increase  in  population, 
the  introduction  of  sewerage,  together  with  the  establishment  of 
packing  houses,  distilleries,  etc.,  caused  such  a  change  in  the  quan- 
tity of  filth  flowing  into  the  lake  that  complaint  began  to  be  made 
of  impurity  and  offensiveness  in  the  supply  from  the  pumping  works. 
Soon  "it  became  so  grave  that  it  could  no  longer  be  neglected."  At 
this  time,  be  it  remembered,  the  water  was  taken  into  the  pumping 
well  directly  from  the  lake  shore,  a  few  piles  being  driven  around 
the  inlet  about  close  enough  together  to  exclude  a  young  whale. 
The  small  fry  of  the  finny  tribe  passed  freely  inward,  and  if  they 
were  lucky,  they  passed  out  again;  if  unlucky,  they  were  sucked 


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I'lCTL'RESQl'E  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIK. 


up  by  the  pumps  and  driven  into  the  pipes,  where  they  made  their 
way  into  the  faucets  of  private  houses, — even  the  hot- water  faucets, 
in  which  case  they  came  out  cooked,  and  one's  bath-tub  was  apt  to 
be  filled  with  what  squeamish  citizens  called  chowder.  About 
this  time  a  most  sensational  article  appeared  in  the  Times,  gravely 
asserting  that  we  were  all  cannibals,  eating  our  ancestors.  For,  it 
said,  the  cemetery  being  on  the  lake  shore,  a  half  mile  of  the  pump- 
ing works  was  subject  to  overflow  and  abrasion  by  the  waves ;  where- 
fore the  fishes  were  fed  on  the  dead  at  the  cemetery,  were  sucked 
into  the  pumps,  and  were  then  fed  to  the  living  in  the  city  !  Of 
course  this  was  fun ;  but  it  had  a  lasting  effect  and  made  easier  the 
bold  experiment  that  followed.  It  was  an  experiment,  because  not 
only  had  no  such  expedient  ever  been  tried  before,  it  had  never 
been  thought  of.  The  method  they  employed  is  something  to  be 
proud  of,  not  for  its  magnitude,  but  for  the  simplicity,  originality 
and  boldness  of  the  idea.  They  ran  a  tunnel  two  miles  out  into  the 
lake,  and  pumped  the  water  from  the  bottom  of  the  lake  into  the 
mains.  The  distance  is  long  enough  to  give  them  pure  water  be- 
yond all  doubt  or  accident. 

For  many  years  Chicago  was  only  an  exchange,  a  buyer  and  a 
seller  on  a  large  scale.  She  depended  on  the  East  for  all  her  manu- 
factured merchandise,  and  made  nothing  herself.  Their  first  efforts 
were  in  the  line  of  rough  agricultural  implements  ;  now  there  is  one 
firm  that  turned  out  last  year  121,780  reapers  and  mowers.  This  is 
about  one  machine  every  minute  of  the  day,  every  working  day  of 
the  year.  Think  of  it !  "Even  in  this  day  of  gigantic  achievements 
the  manufacture  and  sale  by  a  single  establishment  of  nearly  122,000 
machines  for  cutting  grass  and  reaping  and  binding  grain,  during 
the  briefly  passing  period  of  twelve  months,  is  a  wonderful  perform- 
ance. Had  this  great  number  reference  merely  to  such  implements 
as  the  old-time  hand  sickle  and  scythe,  it  would  still  be  no  small 
feat ;  but  when  it  is  remembered  that  these  are  modern  machines  to 
be  drawn  by  horses,  and  that  their  weight  is  from  650  to  1300  pounds 
each,  the  fact  is  most  stupendously  presented ;  but,  being  a  fact, 


A  SKETCH  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO.  25 

must  stand  upon  the  pages  of  recorded  history."  This  firm  manu- 
factures more  than  one-third  of  the  world's  entire  output  of  grain 
and  grass-cutting  machines. 

"One  of  the  curiosities  in  the  possession  of  the  McCormick 
Company  is  a  time-worn  and  weather-beaten  specimen  of  the  original 
Reaper,  as  invented  by  the  late  Cyrus  H.  McCormick, — the  first 
practical  machine  that  ever  entered  a  harvest  field  and  the  admitted 
type  and  pattern  after  which  all  others  are  modeled.  What  volumes 
the  storm-buffeted  old  landmark  speaks  to  the  gray-haired  man  of 
the  middle  West !  Why,  to  watch  the  old  McCormick  Reaper  was 
the  delight  of  his  earliest  boyhood,  and,  standing  in  its  august  pres- 
ence now,  he  lives  over  again  the  sunny  days  of  life's  June,  the  while 
the  dear  remembered  faces  of  father  and  mother  come  back  to  him, 
and  in  fancy  he  feels  the  '  touch  of  a  vanished  hand, '  hears  the 
'  sound  of  a  voice  that  is  still ! '  " 

This  is  only  an  example  ;  at  the  present  time  there  is  hardly  an 
article  of  any  importance,  for  railroad  construction,  for  farming,  for 
house  building  or  decoration,  for  clothing,  necessary  or  ornamental, 
that  is  not  made  in  Chicago.  At  present  there  are  3307  manufac- 
turing firms,  with  an  actual  capital  employed  of  $210,302,000. 
These  employ  180,870  people,  pay  $104,904,000,  and  their  product 
is  valued  at  $567,012,300. 

"July  3,  1871,  was  a  'showery  day,'  that  is  to  say,  one  and  a 
half  inches  of  rain  fell.  From  that  time  to  October  9,  1871,  but  two 
and  a  half  inches  fell  in  all.  In  other  words,  in  the  ninety-eight 
days  there  was  only  a  total  rainfall  equal  to  a  day  and  two-thirds  of 
showers,  about  one-fourth  the  average  supply  at  that  season  of  the 
year.  Such  dryness,  if  perpetual,  would  make  a  desert  of  the  grand 
prairie.  Meanwhile,  the  southwest  wind,  the  hot  haze-laden,  the 
thirsty,  the  grass-killer,  the  corn-ripener,  the  hay-fever-breeder,  the 
western  sirocco  —in  short,  the  prevailing  prairie  breeze  which,  even 
in  ordinary  seasons,  blows  strongly  and  steadily,  perhaps  four  days 
out  of  five  the  year  round,  and  perhaps  nine  days  out  of  ten  during 
the  summer,  leaving  its  mark  on  the  trend  of  the  branches  of  every 


26        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

plastic  tree,  from  the  willow  to  the  cottonwood  :  this  blast  blew  with- 
out ceasing. 

' '  It  turned  the  prairies  brown  and  dry  as  old  hay,  so  that  they 
lighted  to  the  touch,  and  burned  as  long  as  a  blade  or  a  leaf  was  in 
the  fire's  path.  The  prairie  fires  ignited  the  grass  in  meadow  and 
the  hay  in  stack,  the  grain  in  rick  and  the  corn  in  shock.  The  wind 
sucked  all  the  moisture  out  of  the  forests,  so  that  by  the  square  mile 
and  the  township,  they  burned  alike  the  grass  and  the  crops.  It 
turned  all  the  wood  in  wooden  Chicago  into  tinder ;  and  as  soon  as 
the  fittest  moment  came,  turned  the  tinder  into  flames  and  ashes. ' ' 

Chicago  had  then  a  population  of  about  334,000.  The  city 
limits  were,  Fullerton  avenue  on  the  north,  the  lake  on  the  east, 
Thirty-first  street  on  the  south,  and  Western  avenue  on  the  west, 
about  eighteen  square  miles,  or  11,520  acres.  The  north  side  had 
chiefly  wooden  buildings,  varying  from  elegant  homesteads,  occupy- 
ing a  whole  square,  to  the  miles  of  small,  cheap  tenements,  each 
usually  standing  alone,  gable  towards  the  street,  and  only  a  few  feet 
from  its  neighbors  on  each  side,  from  which  it  was  separated  by  huge 
pine  fences.  The  pavements  were  wooden,  but  not  inflammable ; 
while  the  sidewalks,  almost  entirely  of  pine  plank,  were  generally 
raised,  and  allowing  a  free  circulation  of  air  beneath,  and  fit  to  burn 
like  a  box  of  matches. 

"The  business  part  of  the  south  side  also  contained  a  great  num- 
ber of  wooden  buildings ;  and  even  the  brick  structures  were,  as  a 
rule,  of  flimsy  build,  with  wooden  floors,  doors,  windows,  lathing  and 
roofs.  Of  the  west  side  no  account  need  be  made,  except  to  say  that 
from  Jefferson  to  De  Koven  streets,  to  the  South  Branch,  every  thing 
was  wooden.  Worst  of  all  and  most  disastrous  (and  insane),  the 
water-works  (at  the  foot  of  Chicago  avenue)  had  a  wooden  ceiling  to 
its  engine  room,  and  a  wooden  roof  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of 
slate. 

"The  fire  of  1871,  broke  out  on  Sunday  night,  October  8th. 
There  had  been  on  the  previous  evening  an  extensive  conflagration 
in  the  west  division,  involving  a  heavy  loss  of  property  in  the  lumber 


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28        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

district.  The  firemen  had  worked  upon  the  blaze  for  many  hours, 
finally  succeeding  in  subduing  it  The  department,  however,  was 
pretty  well  exhausted  when  an  alarm  was  sounded  at  nine  o'clock  on 
the  following  Sunday  evening.  The  fire  was  caused  by  the  upsetting 
of  a  little  lamp,  in  a  stable,  in  the  vicinity  of  De  Koven  and  Jefferson 
streets,  west  of  the  river,  and  south  of  Van  Buren  street.  Whether  the 
lamp  was  kicked  over  by  a  cow  belonging  to  Mrs.  O'Leary  is  a 
question  that  has  never  been  satisfactorily  settled.  The  fire  first 
crossed  the  river  at  Van  Buren  street,  and  soon  enveloped  the  old  gas 
works  on  Adams  street,  where  the  Moody  and  Sankey  Tabernacle 
afterwards  stood,  and  where  stately  wholesale  houses  now  tower 
towards  the  sky.  From  that  moment  the  business  section  of  the  city 
was  doomed,  for  the  wind  blew  a  perfect  gale,  and  every  moment 
added  to  the  heat  and  fury  of  the  conflagration,  which  marched 
steadily  on,  devouring  granite  blocks  with  the  same  ease  as  it 
destroyed  wooden  shanties.  About  one  o'clock  in  the  morning  it 
had  reached  and  wiped  out  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building ; 
shortly  afterwards  it  had  swallowed  up  the  Court-House,  whose  bell 
tolled  to  the  last  minute.  Then  in  one  column,  it  pursued  its  furious 
course  eastward,  laying  Hooley's  Opera  House,  the  Times  Building, 
Crosby's  fine  Opera  House  and  many  other  noble  structures  in  ashes. 
Then  it  moved  toward  the  northeast,  and  then  attacked  the  whole- 
sale district  at  the  foot  of  Randolph  street,  carrying  away  the  Cen- 
tral Depot,  the  ruins  of  which  are  still  standing.  Then  it  formed  a 
junction  with  another  branch  of  the  main  column  after  the  latter  had 
demolished  the  Sherman  House,  the  Tremont  House  and  other  mag- 
nificent buildings  in  its  path.  Then  there  was  a  general  onslaught 
upon  the  city's  centre  from  the  left  column  which  laid  low  all  the 
buildings  lying  west  of  La  Salle  street,  including  the  Oriental  and  the 
Mercantile  buildings,  the  Union  Bank,  the  Merchants'  Insurance 
Building,  where  Gen.  Sherman  had  his  headquarters,  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  office,  and  the  solid  and  magnificent  blocks  of  com- 
mercial houses  that  lined  La  Salle  street  in  those  days.  By  morning 
there  was  not  one  stone  upon  another  in  this  great  business  centre. 


A  SKETCH  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO.  29 


The  right  column  of  the  fire  is  described  as  having  started  from  a 
point  near  the  intersection  of  Van  Buren  street  and  the  river,  where 
some  wooden  buildings  were  ignited  by  brands  from  the  west  side. 
This  column  had  the  advantage  of  a  large  area  of  wooden  buildings, 
say  Colbert  and  Chamberlin,  '  on  which  to  ration  and  arin  itself  for 
its  march  of  destruction.'  It  gutted  the  Michigan  Southern  Depot 
and  the  Grand  Pacific  Hotel,  and  destroyed  other  handsome  struc- 
tures in  the  vicinity.  Passing  along  the  Post  Office,  the  Bigelow 
House,  the  Honore  Block,  McVicker's  new  Theatre,  the  Tribune 
Building,  Booksellers'  Row,  Potter  Palmer's  store,  occupied  by  Field 
&  Leiter,  and  all  the  smaller  or  less  conspicuous  structures  on  the 
road,  it  branched  off  and  destroyed  the  handsome  residences  and 
churches  on  Wabash  avenue,  and  was  finally  stayed  in  its  southern 
course  at  Congress  street.  The  fire  crossed  over  to  the  north  division 
about  half  past  three  in  the  morning,  and  among  the  first  buildings 
to  go  down  was  the  engine  house  of  the  water-works,  which,  fool- 
ishly, had  been  roofed  with  pine  shingles.  The  fire  was  carried  here 
by  burning  brands  which  must  have  traveled  a  mile  and  a  half  in 
advance  of  the  conflagration.  '  This  was  the  system  '  say  Colbert  and 
Chamberlin,  'by  which  the  north  side  was  destroyed  :  blazing  brands 
and  scorching  heat  sent  ahead  to  kindle  many  scattering  fires,  and 
the  grand  general  conflagration  following  and  finishing  up.'  The 
north  side  was  left  a  mass  of  blackened  ruins  by  morning.  Only  at 
the  lake  and  the  northern  limits  of  the  city  was  the  fire  stayed.  The 
district  burned  over  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  Fullerton  avenue, 
on  the  west  by  Halsted  street  to  Chicago  avenue  and  from  that  point 
south  on  Clinton  street,  on  the  south  by  Twelfth  street  and  on  the 
east  by  Lake  Michigan.  The  total  area  burned  over  was  nearly 
three  and  a  third  square  miles ;  number  of  buildings  destroyed, 
17,450;  persons  rendered  homeless,  98,500;  persons  killed,  about 
200 ;  loss,  not  including  the  depreciation  of  real  estate  or  loss  of  busi- 
ness, estimated  at  $190,000,000;  recovered  by  insurance,  $44,000,000. 
One  year  after  the  fire  many  of  the  best  business  blocks  were  rebuilt ; 
five  years  after  the  fire  the  city  was  handsomer  and  more  prosperous 


30 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


than  ever ;  ten  years  after  the  fire  nearly  all  traces  of  the  calamity 
had  disappeared. 

The  finding  of  a  large  mass  of  molten  iron  by  workmen  exca- 
vating for  the  new  Masonic  temple  in  1890,  called  attention  to  the 
fact  that  there  were  a  number  of  interesting  collections  of  relics  of  the 
great  fire  in  Chicago.  The  most  interesting  and  ornamental  monu- 
ment of  the  fire  is  the  "Relic  House,"  well-known  to  North  Side 
and  Lincoln  Park  visitors.  In  1872,  when  the  "leavings"  of  the 
fire  could  be  had  for  the  asking  or  the  trouble  of  picking  them  up,  a 
man  named  Rettig  conceived  the  idea  of  building  a  small  cottage  out 
of  such  material  as  a  melted  mixture  of  stone,  iron  and  other  metals. 
The  queer  stmcture  was  built  at  North  Park  Avenue  and  Central 
street  Ten  years  ago  it  was  removed  to  its  present  site,  near  the 
junction  of  Clark  Street  and  North  Park  Avenue,  (take  North  Clark 
Street  cable  line),  Philip  Vinter,  becoming  the  proprietor.  Four  years 
afterwards  the  "Relic  House"  passed  into  the  hands  of  its  present 
owner,  William  Lindemann,  who  has  added  a  refreshment  parlor  to 
the  saloon,  and  made  quite  a  rustic  spot  out  of  the  relic.  The  only 
ruin  of  the  '71  fire,  which  remains  standing,  is  on  a  large  vacant  lot 
between  Nos.  907  and  915  North  Clark  Street,  a  few  doors  north  of 
the  "Relic  House,"  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  street.  The  ruin 
consists  of  three  sections  of  red  brick  wail  with  stone  foundations, 
showing  where  the  chimneys,  doors  and  windows,  formerly  were. 
The  lot  is  owned  by  Hugh  H.  White,  a  lawyer,  who  lives  in  Evans- 
ton.  The  Chicago  Historical  Society  has  a  large  collection  of  fine 
relics,  some  from  the  ruins  of  the  society's  building,  which  was  then 
near  the  corner  of  Ontario  Street  and  Dearborn  Avenue,  but  most  of 
the  relics  are  donations  from  Maria  G.  Carr,  Mrs.  E.  E.  Atwater,  and 
various  business  firms  who  were  burnt  out.  The  Historical  Society 
also  has  the  key  to  the  vault  door  in  the  office  of  the  Assistant  Treas- 
urer of  the  United  States  at  Chicago,  which  was  destroyed,  together 
with  $1,500,000  in  currency,  and  the  books  and  the  vouchers  in  the 
office.  The  key  was  presented  to  Henry  H.  Nash,  Cashier.  Large 
oil  paintings  of  Gen.  Grant,  J.  Young  Scammon,  and  Miss  Sneed  (the 


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32        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLDS  FAIR. 

woman  who  Napoleon  thought,  was  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world,) 
which  were  saved  from  the  fire,  adorn  the  walls  of  the  society's  rooms. 
Mrs.  Carr's  collection  is  a  curious  one,  among  the  burned,  melted, 
scorched  and  twisted  things,  being  a  bunch  of  forks,  a  mass  of  type, 
bunch  of  tacks,  pack  of  cards,  a  lot  of  knitting  needles,  a  spool  of 
thread  from  Field,  Leiter  &  Co.'s  dry  goods  house  at  Madison  and 
Franklin  Streets,  hooks  and  eyes,  a  package  of  buttons,  three  Jew's 
harps,  thimbles,  marbles,  a  bundle  of  melted  glass,  a  piece  of  glass 
from  Bowen  Bros.,  Lake  Street;  an  old  fashioned  clay  pipe,  china 
doll's  head,  three  crucibles,  a  door  bell,  pen-knives,  one  being  found 
under  the  site  of  a  pulpit;  a  package  of  glass  beads  from  Schweitzer 
&  Beer's  store,  a  bundle  of  screws,  a  walking  cane  without  head  or 
ferrule,  necks  of  glass  bottles  from  Jasger's  place,  and  a  package  of 
slate  pencils  from  the  Western  News  Co.'s  place.  In  Mrs.  Atwater's 
collection  is  a  lump  of  black  stuff,  which  was  coffee  once  upon  a  time, 
labeled,  "  Browned  too  Much,"  remnants  of  the  stock  of  a  toy  house, 
china  dolls  and  playthings,  bundle  of  hair  pins,  scissors,  rosaries 
without  the  crucifix,  glass  beads,  and  a  jet  necklace  well  preserved,  a 
box  of  charred  biscuits  from  the  ruins  of  Dr.  Rice's  church,  a  lot  of 
stained  and  plain  window  glass  from  various  city  churches,  and  a 
variety  of  blackened  cups  and  saucers  from  the  ruins  of  crockery 
houses. 

The  city  records  were  burned  with  the  Court-house.  No  living 
man  could  lay  claim  legally  to  one  foot  of  the  burned  district  ;  only 
the  "abstracts  of  titles"  remained,  and  these  were  held  by  private 
parties.  The  narrative  of  the  saving  of  these  "abstracts,"  as  given 
by  John  G.  Shortall,  the  owner  and  saver  of  them,  is  of  intense 
interest. 

He  had  returned  from  church  and  was  about  to  retire  when  he 
noticed  the  reflection  of  a  great  fire  ;  he  watched  it  for  a  short  time 
and,  surprised  at  its  magnitude,  determined  to  go.  So  impressed 
was  he  that  he  took  his  hat  and  started,  not  even  waiting  to  change 
the  house  jacket  he  had  on  for  a  coat.  He  joined  with  the  crowd 
and  hurried  to  the  scene  of  the  conflagration.  The  fire  even  then 


A  SKETCH  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO.  33 

was  beyond  control ;  the  crowd  could  do  little  but  retreat  before  it ; 
they  were  completely  awed  ;  the  noisy  stage  was  long  since  passed  ; 
they  worked  in  silence  ;  not  a  sound  was  heard  except  the  roar  of  the 
flame  and  the  crackling  of  the  timbers.  Out  of  curiosity  he  timed 
the  burning  of  a  house  about  fifty  by  seventy-five  feet,  two  stories, 
with  a  sort  of  attic — "a  very  fine  house,  one  of  the  best  of  those 
days."  It  was  destroyed  absolutely  in  eight  minutes.  The  wind 

x 

had  risen  to  a  gale  ;  the  whole  air  was  filled  with  movable  embers 
and  with  hundreds — thousands — of  larger  pieces  of  burning  material 
that  had  been  wrenched  away  by  the  wind,  and  were  being  hurled 
along  through  space,  northwesterly,  towards  his  office,  one  mile 
away.  The  building  in  which  his  office  was  situated  had  a  wooden 
cornice,  wooden  casings,  and  all  the  front  windows  had  awnings. 
The  thought  occurred  to  him  that  those  awnings  would  be  a  likely 
place  for  embers  to  lodge ;  in  that  case  the  building  was  doomed. 
He  determined  to  cut  them  down.  Not  being  able  to  find  the  jani- 
tor he  broke  in  the  door  and  finally  succeeded  in  cutting  them  loose, 
but  of  what  use  was  the  removal  of  a  half  dozen  awnings  when  the 
whole  front  of  the  building  was  covered  with  them.  Only  one 
course  was  left,  and  that  was  to  procure  a  truck  and  remove  his  valu- 
ables in  toto.  By  this  time 'the  street  was  full  with  streams  of  peo- 
ple ;  all  sorts  of  vehicles,  trucks,  wagons  were  flying  northward  be- 
fore the  fire.  He  engaged  truck  after  truck  at  their  own  price,  but 
they  never  returned.  At  last  by  force  he  obtained  a  small  wagon  ; 
this  was  soon  filled,  and  yet  not  one-fifth  part  of  the  books  to  be 
saved  had  been  brought  down  ;  at  this  trying  moment  a  friend  sent 
him  a  large  double  team  truck  ;  at  last,  after  hours  of  struggling, 
they  had  what  they  wanted.  By  this  time  the  fire  was  very  near  ;  the 
glowing  embers  fell  like  hail  ;  the  air  was  fairly  filled  with  fire.  The 
truck  was  soon  loaded  by  the  help  of  some  of  his  clerks  who  gathered 
around  him.  Then  a  new  difficulty  presented  itself  in  the  report 
that  General  Sheridan  and  his  soldiers  were  about  to  blow  up  the 
building  at  the  corner  diagonally  opposite.  The  driver  of  the  truck 
concluded  he  would  not  stay  and  be  blown  up  for  all  the  people  in 


34        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  .-L\D  GUIDE   7V   THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


Chicago.  Mr.  Shortall  did  not  blame  him  at  all,  but  gave  him  his 
choice  between  the  explosion  of  the  building  and  the  explosion  of  the 
revolver  he  held  cocked  in  his  fingers.  The  driver  was  a  very  sensi- 
ble man  ;  he  reconsidered  the  matter  and  reversed  his  decision. 
When  they  started  the  building  was  on  fjre.  During  the  last  hour  of 
their  stay  the  court-house  and  all  its  contents  was  burned  down. 

Only -once  during  this  terrible  ordeal  was  the  judgment  of  this 
gentleman  at  fault ;  we  will  give  it  in  his  own  words  :  "At  one  time 
during  these  moments  (while  waiting  for  the  return  of  the  trucks) 
that  seemed  as  years,  a  most  providential  thing  occurred,  well  worth 
considering.  I  tried  to  get  into  the  court-house  at  its  eastern  door, 
with  the  intention  of  carrying  our  books  in  for  safety,  never  dream- 
ing of  the  possibility  of  its  destruction — a  large  stone  building,  iso- 
lated as  it  was.  I  found  that  east  door  locked,  and  I  could  not  get 
the  key.  Had  I  found  it  all  our  books  would  have  shared  the  fate  of 
the  Public  Records  they  duplicated."  .  .  .  "Then  we  started,  all 
being  safely  stored  on  the  truck.  There  were  two  prisoners  who  had 
been  allowed  to  escape  from  the  jail  (then  in  the  court-house)  and  I 
had  one  of  these  two  on  each  side  of  my  overladen  truck  to  hold  the 
books  on.  I  formed  the  apex  of  the  group,  with  my  pistol,  cocked 
still  in  my  pocket,  and  directed  the  truckman  to  drive  forward 
through  the  rain  of  fire,  so  as  soon  as  possible  to  get  to  windward  of 
it ;  and  we  worked  to  eastward  and  southward,  through  the  dense 
crowds  of  people  who  were  fleeing  towards  the  north,  until  we  got 
finally  through  the  fire  and  brought  our  precious  books  down  to  my 
house  and  gratefully  stowed  them  away  in  safety — in  safety  if  the 
wind  should  continue  southwest,  and  not  change,  of  which  there  was 
much  and  natural  fear. 

"When  we  arrived  at  home,  my  jail-birds,  the  truckman  and  I 
carried  the  books  in,  piling  them  up  in  the  hall  library  and  parlor — 
got  them  in  any  way.  There  must  have  been  two  hundred  record 
volumes — and  this  I  may  say,  in  parenthesis,  that  it  took  three  trucks 
to  carry  those  books  back  again,  to  where  we  lodged  after  the  fire, 
when  we  built  our  vault  for  them  in  a  basement  on  Wabash  Ave. 


HAVLIN'S    THEATRE. 


35 


10        PICTL'RESQL'E  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE   TO   THE   ll'ORLD'S  FAIR. 

We  lost  nothing  from  the  truck  in  that  savage  passage  of  wind  and 
fire  and  insanity." 

When  the  problem  of  rebuilding  came  up,  the  first  question  was, 
"Who  will  lend  money  where  titles  cannot  be  shown  of  records?" 
' 4  This  agitation  was  soon  quelled  by  the  passage  through  the  legisla- 
ture of  what  is  called  'The  Burnt  Record  Act,'  which  provided  for 
the  use  of  abstracts  of  titles,  and  other  documents  (though  in  private 
custody)  as  foundation  for  the  new  records,  and  as  proof  of  ownership 
under  certain  careful  restrictions.  Suits  brought  under  this  act  had  a 
calendar  of  their  own,  and  were  tried  more  promptly  than  other  cases. 
This  was  the  first  great  step  towards  perfect  relief ;  the  next  was  the 
liberal  and  reasonable  course  of  the  'abstract  men.'  Luckily  for 
Chicago  these  '  abstract  men '  were  gentlemen,  and  instead  of  taking 
advantage  of  the  situation  they  only  charged  a  reasonable  price  for 
reasonable  service. 

"Then  came  the  question  whether  the  city  could  build,  and 
business  credit  be  re-established  by  a  set  of  ruined  merchants.  In 
answer  to  this  doubt  came  a  cloud  of  telegrams  from  Eastern  whole- 
salers and  manufacturers  reading  in  this  wise  :  '  We  suppose  you  are 
burned  out.  Order  from  us  what  goods  you  want,  and  pay  us  when 
you  can.'  Many  a  man  who,  dry -eyed,  had  seen  his  property  burn, 
felt  the  tears  surging  up,  as  he  spelled  out  this  message." 

A  law  was  passed  forbidding  the  erection  of  wooden  buildings 
within  the  city  limits  ;  there  was  some  bitter  opposition  to  this  ;  the 
people  thought  their  burden  was  heavy  enough.  But,  find  one  of 
them  to-day  who  will  deny  its  wisdom.  Within  six  weeks  after  the 
fire  two  hundred  and  twelve  permanent  stone  and  brick  buildings 
were  in  course  of  erection  in  the  Southern  Division  alone.  Between 
Dec.  i,  1871,  and  Oct.  i,  1872,  there  were  twelve  hundred  and  fifty 
building  permits  issued.  The  total  amount  spent  for  building  in  the 
first  year  was  $45,000,000,  but  for  all  this  show  of  progress  the  years 
1873  to  ^78  were  years  of  extreme  business  depression  ;  some  going 
so  far  as  to  call  them  years  of  disaster,  but  this  is  a  great  mistake,  be- 
cause years  of  economical  repair  and  renewal  cannot  rightly  be  called 


A  SKETCH  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO.  37 

disastrous.  In  1873,  the  imports  were  $300,000,000  more  than/the 
exports  ;  indicating  wild  extravagance  in  the  use  of  foreign  luxuries. 
This  was  soon  checked  by  the  "hard  times"  and  economy  took  its 
place.  Debts  were  liquidated  and  the  balance  restored,  so  that  in 
1878  the  exports  were  $300,000,000  above  the  imports.  The  process 
of  contraction  was  not  one  of  destruction,  but  of  reconstruction. 
Strange  it  is,  but  true,  that  every  check  which  Chicago  has  ever 
met,  be  it  war,  pestilence  or  (money)  famine,  flood,  fire  or  scandal,  has 
only  marked  a  pause  in  her  progress,  a  halt  to  gather  strength  for  a 
higher  leap. 

A  great  and  splendid  city  has  risen  from  the  prairie,  in  full  view 
of  all  the  people,  who  watch,  criticize,  compare,  suggest.  How  nar- 
row the  man  who,  familiar  with  the  facts,  can  give  anything  but 
commendation  !  But  with  all  her  greatness  she  stands  among  great 
cities  an  infant.  We  have  tried  to  describe  "the  infant;"  allow  us 
to  give  an  idea  if  possible  of  her  maturity  : 

Date.  Population.  Per  Cent.  Increase. 

1860  .....    109,000 oo 

1865  .....    178,000  .  .  .  ...  65 

1870  .  ,  .  .  .   306,000 72 

1880  .  .  .  .  .   491,000 62 

1886  .  . 7°3>0°o  ..'...  35 

1890 1,098,000  .  .    .  .  55 

If  as  many  people  come  to  Chicago  during  the  next  three  decades 
as  came  during  the  last  three,  the  business  man  of  1920  will  see 
about  him  a  population  of  over  10,000,000  of  people.  Chicago  has 
•erected  since  1876,  56,240  buildings  at  a  cost  of  $255,298,879;  i.  e., 
the  average  each  year  has  been  about  4017  buildings,  at  an  average 
-cost  of  $18,235,634.  At  this  rate,  thirty  years  from  now  Chicago 
will  have  built  120,510  new  buildings,  at  a  cost  of  $547,069,020. 
But  during  1889  alone  7590  buildings  were  put  up  at  a  cost  of 
$31,516,000;  and  during  1890,  11,608  were  put  up  at  a  cost  of 
$47,322,100.  The  average  number  for  the  t\vo  years  was  9598. 


38        riCTCRESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GLIDE   TO   THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


Should  this  average  hold  good  for  thirty  years,  in  1920  there  would 
be  287,940  new  buildings,  which  will  have  been  erected  at  a  cost  of 

$1,182,571,500. 

The  great  question  respecting  Chicago  and  all  other  places 
under  heaven  is,  What  is  the  quality  of  the  human  life  lived  in  it? 
It  is  well  to  have  an  abundance  of  beef,  pork,  grain,  wool  and  pine 
boards  so  long  as  these  are  used  as  a  means  to  an  end,  and  that  end 
is  the  production  and  nurture  of  happy,  intelligent,  virtuous  and 
robust  human  beings.  This  alone  is  success ;  all  short  of  this  is 
failure.  Cheerful,  healthy  human  life, — that  is  the  wealth  of  the 
world ;  and  the  extreme  of  destitution  is  to  have  all  the  rest  and  not 
that.  The  stranger,  therefore,  looks  about  in  this  busy,  thriving 
city,  and  endeavors  to  ascertain  above  all  else  how  it  fares  there  with 
human  nature.  In  Chicago,  as  everywhere,  human  nature  is  weak 
and  ignorant,  temptable  and  tempted ;  and  in  considering  the  influ- 
ences to  which  it  is  there  subjected,  we  must  only  ask  whether  those 
influences  are  more  or  less  favorable  than  elsewhere.  We  thoroughly 
believe  that  Chicago  is  learning  to  interpret  this  great  question 
aright.  Those  beautiful  temples  dedicated  to  religious  worship, 
those  excellent  schools  of  every  grade,  those  local  benevolences, 
those  ceaseless  battlings  with  vice,  that  instinct  of  decoration,  that 
conscientiously  conducted  press,  those  libraries  and  book-stores,  all 
attest  that  Chicago  does  not  mean  to  laboriously  cherish  the  shell 
of  the  nut  of  life  and  throw  the  kernel  away.  It  is  our  impression 
that  human  nature  there  is  subject  to  influences  as  favorable  to  its 
health  and  progress  as  in  any  city  of  the  world,  and  that  a  family 
going  to  reside  in  Chicago  from  one  of  our  older  cities  will  be  likely 
to  find  itself  in  a  better  place  than  that  from  which  it  came. 


PART   II. 

DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  IMPORTANT    BUILDINGS   AND   POINTS   OF 
INTEREST  IN    CHICAGO. 

THE  traveled  stranger,  to  whom  the  .great  cities  of  the  world  are 
familiar,  however  he  may  become  impressed  with  the  manners 
and  customs  of  our  people,  or  with  their  methods  of  doing 
business,  and  however  loth  he  may  be  to  admit  the  justice  of  our 
claims  to  pre-eminence  in  other  respects,  must  acknowledge  that  this 
is  the  best  built  city  in  the  universe  to-day.  For  nearly  twenty 
years,  or  since  the  great  fire  of  1871  swept  over  the  business  center  of 
the  city,  and  laid  it  in  ruins,  architecture  in  Chicago  has  been 
steadily  marching  forward,  until  we  are  enabled  in  1891  to  point  out 
some  of  the  grandest  achievements  of  the  art  to  be  found  on  the  face 
of  the  earth. 

CHARACTER  OF  CHICAGO  BUILDINGS.— The  character  of 
the  great  buildings  erected  during  recent  years  in  Chicago  demon- 
strates that  architects  have  risen  to  the  plane  of  the  highest  construc- 
tive knowledge  in  structures.  It  is  not  enough  to. use  a  material 
guaranteed  by  the  maker,  but  Chicago  architects  themselves  now 
employ  engineers  for  the  special  purpose  of  examining  and  testing 
each  and  every  piece  and  passing  their  individual  opinion  upon  it  in 
a  written  report,  and  only  such  as  is  accepted  by  these  engineers  is 
used  in  the  buildings.  So  essential  and  necessary  is  this  department 
of  architectural  engineering  considered,  that  specialists  are  sent  to 
the  mills  which  furnish  the  iron  and  steel  structural  shapes  and 
beams  for  buildings,  and  the  metal  is  not  only  tested  in  the  ingot, 
but  the  strength  of  resistance  is  ascertained  for  ever}-  finished  beam. 
The  result  of  all  this  gives  to  Chicago  buildings  which  are  not  only 

theoretically  safe,  but  known  to  absolute  certainty  to  be  safe  down  to 
40 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  41 

the  last  cubic  foot  of  masonry  and  the  last  cubic  inch  of  steel.  In 
this  respect  Chicago  is  unique,  and  it  is  a  common  remark  in  Eastern 
and  foreign  cities,  among  those  actively  engaged  in  building,  that 
Chicago  to-day  erects  the  best-built  structures  ever  known,  and  with 
the  notable  distinction  that  she  does  it  with  the  closest  economy  in 
material  and  time.  That  is  to  say,  that  it  is  a  fact  that  in  Chicago 


INDIAN   MONUMENT   (Lincoln  Park). 

buildings  the  quality  is  better,  the  distribution  of  material  is  more 
skillful  and  the  buildings  are  naturally  more  reliable.  The  buildings 
have  all  been  constructed  fire-proof  to  a  degree  surpassing  those 
erected  under  old  methods.  Not  only  are  steel  and  iron  used  for  sup- 
ports for  girders  and  for  joists,  but  they  are  covered  with  fire  clay, 
which  is  so  disposed  that  air  chambers  are  left  next  to  the  iron  or 
steel  in  every  case,  making  it  impossible  for  the  metal  to  be  over- 
heated, even  bv  the  hottest  fires. 


42        PICTL'RESQL'E  CHICAGO  AXD  (JL'IDE   TO   THE   WORLD* S  FAIR. 

AUDITORIUM  BUILDING.— Among  the  many  magnificent 
structures  of  Chicago,  the  Auditorium  is  the  greatest.  It  is  the  most 
famous  building  on  the  American  continent.  At  once  a  grand  opera 
house,  a  superb  hotel  and  a  mammoth  office  building,  there  is  not  to 
be  found  on  the  face  of  the  earth  a  pile  that  will  compare  with  it.  It 
represents  the  modern  idea,  as  the  Coliseum  at  Rome  represented  the 
ancient.  It  is. in  construction  representative  of  Chicago  as  a  city, 
where  art,  beauty  and  utility  are  so  strongly  defined  though  nearly 
always  blended  on  every  side.  Cost  of  building,  $3,500,000  ;  with 
ground,  $5,000,000. 

AUDITORIUM  THEATRE. — The  theatre  of  the  auditorium 
building  is  justly  entitled  to  the  distinction  of  being  the  best  equipped 
for  stage  purposes,  the  handsomest  in  interior  decorative  work,  the 
most  perfect  in  acoustics  and  the  most  convenient  and  comfortable  for 
audiences  in  this  or  any  other  country.  Architects  and  artists  of  in- 
ternational fame  have  lauded  its  merits  and  its  beauties.  Thousands 
from  foreign  shores,  who  have  visited  it  during  the  various  notable 
performances  which  have  been  given  within  its  walls,  have  been  sur- 
prised at  its  size  and  magnificence,  and  gave  willing  testimony  to  its 
superiority  over  their  own  famous  places  of  amusement. 

CENTRAL  MUSIC  HALL. — The  Central  Music  Hall  Block  was 
erected  in  1879  by  a  stock  company,  its  list  of  stockholders  compris- 
ing many  of  the  wealthiest  and  best  known  citizens  of  Chicago.  Its 
object  was  "to  promote  religious,  educational  and  musical  purposes. 
the  culture  of  the  arts,  and  to  provide  for  public  amusements  and  en- 
tertainments." The  leader  in  this  enterprise  was  its  first  manager, 
the  late  George  B.  Carpenter,  whose  experience  and  success  as  a  man- 
ager, well  qualified  him  for  the  task.  The  architect  chosen  for  the 
building  was  Mr.  D.  Adler,  of  the  firm  of  Adler  &  Sullivan.  It  has 
a  frontage  of  125  feet  on  State  street,  and  150  feet  on  Randolph  street, 
its  central  location  rendering  it  easily  accessible  from  all  parts  of  the 
city.  It  is  built  of  gray  cut  stone,  has  a  wide  and  massive  entrance 
of  white  marble,  is  six  stories  in  height,  and  contains,  besides  the 
large  auditorium  from  which  the  building  derives  its  name,  a  small 


O 
H 


44        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 

recital  hall,  known  as  Apollo  Hall,  twelve  stores,  seventy  offices,  and 
a  perfectly  appointed  photograph  studio. 

CASINO. — Located  on  Wabash  avenue,  near  Adams  street.  This 
is  conducted  after  the  manner  of  the  Berlin  Panopticon,  and  is  prin- 
cipally an  exhibition  of  wax  works.  Delightful  place  to  spend  an 
hour.  There  is  a  stage  performance  every  afternoon  and  evening. 
Lyman  B.  Glover,  business  manager.  Admission  to  all  parts  of  the 
house  25  and  50  cents ;  children  25  cents. 


INTERIOR   VIEW   (Auditorium   Hotel). 

AUDITORIUM  HOTEL.— Situated  on  Michigan  avenue  and 
Congress  street ;  occupies  entire  eastern  half  of  the  great  Auditorium 
structure.  It  is  under  the  management  of  the  Auditorium  Hotel 
Company,  J.  H.  Breslin,  of  New  York,  president ;  R.  H.  Southgate, 
vice-president  and  manager.  The  building  which  it  occupies  is  the 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  45 


grandest  on  the  continent,  and  was  prepared   to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  a  great  high-class  hotel  without  regard  to  labor  or  expense. 

GRAND  PACIFIC  HOTEL.— Located  on  La  Salle,  Jackson  and 
Clark  streets.  The  Jackson  street  front  almost  faces  the  Board  of 
Trade.  The  Clark  street  front  faces  the  general  post-office.  The  La 
Salle  street  front  faces  some  of  the  immense  office  buildings  in  the 
Board  of  Trade  center.  The  main  entrances  are  on  La  Salle  and 
Clark  streets.  The  ladies'  entrance  is  on  Jackson  street.  This 
building  was  scarcely  completed  in  1871  when  the  great  fire  swept  it 
out  of  existence  in  a  single  night,  although  its  construction  was 
almost  wholly  of  iron,  stone  and  glass.  It  was  immediately  rebuilt 
and  opened  to  guests  in  June,  1873.  Although  acknowledged  to  be 
one  of  the  finest  hotels  in  the  world  when  completed,  it  has  under- 
gone many  improvements  since  then. 

PALMER  HOUSE. — Located  on  the  southeast  corner  of  State 
and  Monroe  streets,  in  the  heart  of  the  city,  with  a  frontage  on  State 
street,  Monroe  street  and  Wabash  avenue.  Main  entrance  on  State 
street ;  ladies'  entrance  on  Monroe  street.  The  building  occupies 
about  one-half  of  the  entire  block.  It  covers  an  area  of  76, 550  square 
feet;  is  nine  stories  in  height,  has  708  rooms  and  accommodates 
usually  from  1,000  to  2,400  guests.  The  grand  rotunda  of  the  hotel 
is  64  feet  wide,  106  feet  long  and  36  feet  in  height.  The  dining 
room  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  in  Chicago.  The  parlors  and  wait- 
ing rooms  are  superbly  furnished.  The  entire  furnishings  and  fit- 
tings of  the  house  are  of  the  first  order. 

PERMANENT  ART  BUILDING. — Now  in  course  of  construc- 
tion, on  the  Lake  Front,  site  of  the  old  Inter-State  Exposition  Build- 
ing, main  entrance  to  face  Adams  street.  Within  easy  walking  distance 
of  all  railroad  depots,  street  car  terminals,  hotels,  etc.,  in  the  heart 
of  the  business  center.  This  magnificent  structure  takes  the  place 
of  the  present  Art  Institute,  Michigan  avenue  and  Van  Buren  street, 
which  passes  into  the  possession  of  the  Chicago  Club.  The  design 
of  the  new  institute  was  prepared  by  Architects  Shepley,  Rutan  and 
Coolidge,  and  was  subjected  to  changes  at  the  hands  of  the  Commit- 


4(3        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO   THE  WORLDS  FAIR. 

tee  on  Buildings.  The  structure  has  a  frontage  of  320  feet  on  Mich- 
igan avenue;  the  main  depth  is  175  feet,  with  projections  making 
an  arc  208  feet  in  depth.  The  plan  is  that  of  a  parallelogram.  It 
consists  of  two  galleries,  the  first  being  devoted  to  plaster  casts, 
sculptures,  busts,  models,  etc.  ;  the  second  to  pictures,  being  lighted 
by  sky-lights  from  above. 

ART  COLLECTIONS. — Private  art  collections  in  Chicago  are 
very  numerous  and  very  extensive.  This  is  strikingly  evident  at 
each  recurring  exhibit  of  loaned  pictures  at  the  Art  Institute  or  else- 
where. The  annual  exhibits  at  the  Inter-State  Exposition,  now  a 
thing  of  the  past,  by  reason  of  the  changes  necessarily  pending  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  have  grown  rrom  year  to  year,  until 
they  promise  to  rank  among  the  best  in  the  country.  Steps  have 
been  taken  to  erect  a  permanent  Art  Hall  on  the  Lake  Front,  in 
which  these  annual  exhibitions  will  be  continued.  This  building 
will  be  erected  for  the  Columbian  Exposition,  but  will  be  constructed 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  acceptable  to  the  city  as  a  permanent 
building  after  the  exposition  closes. 

GRAND  OPERA  HOUSE.— Centrally  located  on  the  east  side  of 
Clark,  between  Randolph  and  Washington  streets,  opposite  the  Court- 
house, close  to  all  the  leading  hotels  and  convenient  to  railroad  de- 
pots and  street-car  terminals.  Harry  L.  Hamlin,  manager. 

HAVELIN'S  THEATRE. — Located  on  the  west  side  of  Wabash 
Avenue,  between  Eighteenth  and  Twentieth  streets.  John  A.  Have- 
lin,  lessee  ;  J.  S.  Hutton,  manager.  This  was  originally  Baker's 
Theatre.  It  is  a  popular  resort  and  deservedly  so.  The  theatre 
building  is  quite  an  ornament  to  the  section  of  the  city  in  which  it  is 
located  ;  and  the  theatre  is  conducted  as  a  high-class  place  of  amuse- 
ment. Seating  capacity,  2,000;  stage,  50x65;  proscenium  opening, 
36,  to  loft,  67.  The  building  is  fire-proof  and  was  constructed  at  a 
cost  of  $300,000. 

BOARD  OF  TRADE  BUILDING.— Situated  at  the  foot  of  La 
Salle,  on  Jackson  street,  between  Sherman  street  and  Pacific  avenue, 
in  the  heart  of  the  business  center,  and  only  a  short  walk  from  the 


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48 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


great  hotels,  railroad  depots  and  street  car  terminals.  The  immense 
size  and  architectural  beauty  of  the  structure  will  attract  the  stran- 
ger's attention.  It  covers  an  area  of  200  by  174  feet  ;  and  is  built  of 
gray  granite.  The  beautiful  front  is  surmounted  by  a  tower  which 
tapers  to  a  pinnacle  322  feet  above  the  pavement.  On  the  top  of  this 
tower  is  the  largest  weather-vane  in  the  world,  a  lake  schooner  1 5 


LIBBY   PRISON   MUSEUM. 

feet  in  length,  with  rigging  in  proportion.     From  the  street  below  it 
does  not  appear  to  be  a  fifth  of  this  size. 

LIBBY  PRISOX  MUSEUM.— Located  on  Wabash  Ave.,  between 
Fourteenth  and  Sixteenth  streets.  One  of  the  principal  permanent 
attractions  of  the  city.  The  original  Libby  prison  (transported  from 
Richmond,  Va.,  and  put  up,  brick  after  brick,  just  as  it  stood  during 
the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  when  used  as  a  prison  for  Union  soldiers) 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  49 

/ 

is  enclosed  within  massive  walls,  built  after  the  manner  of  the  middle 
ages  (see  illustration).  Among  the  attractions  offered  in  Libby  Prison 
are  the  following  :  Portraits  in  oil  of  all  the  leading  Northern  and 
Southern  generals  and  statesmen  ;  all  kinds  of  firearms  used  in 
America,  from  colonial  times  to  the  present  period  ;  the  finest  collec- 
tion of  shot  and  shell  used  in  American  warfare ;  the  original  first 
dispatches  of  war  from  Generals  McClellan,  Grant,  Hooker,  Sherman, 
etc.  ;  the  original  acceptance  of  the  command  of  the  Confederate 
Army  by  Generals  Lee  and  Stonewall  Jackson  ;  original  portraits  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  and  Mrs.  Lincoln,  with  relics  and  mementos  ;  the 
stove,  goose  and  shears  used  by  Andrew  Johnson  when  working  as  a 
tailor  in  Tennessee  ;  the  original  will  made  by  John  Brown  an  hour 
before  his  execution ;  the  very  rare  curiosity  of  two  bullets  that  met 
in  mid-air  in  battle  at  Petersburg ;  the  finest  collection  of  historic 
chairs  in  America ;  the  original  photographs  of  scenes  in  Sherman's 
march  from  Atlanta  to  the  "sea  ;  the  original  commission  of  Jeff.  Davis 
to  Congress  in  1845  I  a^so  n^s  commission  in  the  war  with  Mexico  ; 
the  wheel  of  Commodore  Perry's  flag-ship,  "Powhatan,"  that  opened 
the  ports  of  Japan  to  the  world ;  the  original  Arctic  clothing  used  in 
the  Greely  relief  expedition.  Admission,  50  cents ;  children  half- 
price  ;  open  day  and  evening. 

CITY  HALL  is  one  of  the  most  central,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most 
prominent,  structures  in  the  city.  This  building  and  the  Cook 
County  Court-house,  adjoining,  stand  upon  the  site  of  the  first  Court- 
house erected  in  Chicago,  and  also  upon  the  site  of  the  Court-house 
destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  1871.  The  old  Court-house  stood  in  the 
center  of  the  block,  and  was  surrounded  by  a  green  lawn  in  the  nature 
of  a  park.  It  was  a  handsome  building  as  buildings  went  in  those 
days,  and  had  a  tower  in  which  there  was  a  clock  and  a  great  bell. 
This  bell  rang  out  in  doleful  peals  on  the  fatal  Sunday  night  in  Octo- 
ber, 1871,  almost  up  to  the  moment  the  tower  became  enveloped  in 
flames.  After  the  fire  the  bruised  and  battered  bell  was  taken  from 
the  ruins  by  an  enterprising  firm  and  worked  up  into  souvenirs. 

COOK  COUNTY  COURT-HOUSE.— Occupies  the  entire  east  half 
4 


50 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


of  the  block  bounded  by  Washington,  Dearborn,  La  Salle  and  Clark 
Sts.,  in  the  center  of  the  business  district  of  the  South  Side,  the  west 
half  being  occupied  by  the  City  Hall.  This  magnificent  pile  was 
erected  in  1876-77  at  a  cost  of  about  $3,000,000,  and  is  one  of  the 


RELIC  OF  OLD  COURT-HOUSE  AFTER  THE   FIRE. 

handsomest  public  buildings  in  the  county.  It  is  at  present  four 
stories  in  height,  and  two  additional  stories  are  to  be  added  during 
the  present  year  at  a  cost  of  $275,000.  In  this  building  are  located 
the  County,  Probate  and  various  Circuit  and  Superior  courts,  the  Law 
Library,  and  all  the  County  offices,  except  that  of  the  State's  (or 
prosecuting)  attorney,  which  is  located  in  the  Criminal  Court  build- 
ing, North  Side. 

FIRST    NATIONAL    BANK. — At    the    date    of    incorporation, 
the   First    National    Bank   had  a   capital  of  $100,000.      Its  officers 


THE    TEMPLE. 

Building  of  the  Woman's  Christian   Temperance  Publishing  House.  51 


52        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

were:  president;  E.  Aiken ;  cashier,  E.  E.  Braisted.  It  then 
stood  number  8  in  the  order  of  National  Banks.  The  capital 
of  the  bank  was  soon  increased  to  $1,000,000.  In  1867,  Presi- 
dent Aiken  died,  and  was  succeeded  by  Samuel  M.  Nickerson, 
who  has  held  the  office  ever  since.  In  1868  Lyman  J.  Gage  was 
appointed  cashier.  The  fire  of  1871  destroyed  the  bank's  building, 
which  stood  at  the  southwest  corner  of  State  and  Washington  streets. 
This  'building  was  at  once  rebuilt,  and  was  occupied  until  the  bank 
moved  into  its  present  magnificent  structure,  which  was  erected 
especially  for  its  accommodation,  and  with  a  view  to  the  convenient 
transaction  of  its  immense  business. 

CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  BUILDING.— This  structure  occu- 
pies the  site  of  the  old  Chamber  of  Commerce  which  was  erected  im- 
mediately after  the  fire  and  which  was  occupied  by  the  Board  of  Trade 
until  the  great  commercial  edifice  at  the  foot  of  the  street  was  com- 
pleted. The  new  Chamber  of  Commerce  building  is  in  many  respects 
the  finest  commercial  structure  in  the  world  and  certainly  one  of  the 
grandest  office  buildings  in  the  United  States.  The  property  upon 
which  it  stands  cost  $650,000,  and  the  building  itself  has  cost  Messrs. 
Hannah,  Lay  &  Company,  the  owners,  over  $1,000,000. 

TACOMA  BUILDING — towering  above  its  surroundings  to  the 
dizzy  height  of  twelve  clear  stories.  This  was  among  the  first  of  the 
modern  sky-scrapers  erected  in  Chicago.  The  corner  which  it  oc- 
cupies was  for  years  covered  by  a  tumble-down  brick  building  put 
up  in  haste  after  the  fire.  It  was  wiped  out  to  make  room  for  the 
"  Tacoma."  From  the  twelfth  story  we  are  able  to  obtain  a  splendid 
bird's-eye  view  of  the  city,  and  we  can  see  far  out  on  Lake  Michigan, 
if  the  smoke  isn't  too  dense.  This  is  a  colony  of  offices. 

TEMPERANCE  TEMPLE.— "The  Temple,"  is  one  of  the  sights 
of  Chicago,  and  the  equal  of  any  one  of  the  many  magnificent 
structures  that  now  adorn  the  city.  In  style  it  is  a  combination  of 
the  old  Gothic  and  the  more  modern  French.  For  the  first  two 
stories  the  material  used  is  gray  granite  with  a  dash  of  pink  running 
through  it.  Above  that  is  used  pressed  brick  and  terra  cotta.  This 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  53 

harmonizes  nicely  with  the  granite,  taking  on  a  tone  and  color  the 
same,  with  the  exception  that  it  will  be  a  darker  pink.  The  frontage 
on  La  Salle  street  is  190  feet,  while  on  Monroe  it  is  90  feet.  In 
shape  the  temple  is  somewhat  novel  and  might  be  likened  to  the 
letter  H.  It  consists  of  two  immense  wings  united  by  a  middle  por- 
tion or  vinculum.  On  La  Salle  street  is  a  court  seventy  feet  long 
and  thirty  feet  wide,  and  on  Monroe  street  a  similar  one  of  the  same 
length  and  eighteen  feet  deep.  Facing  the  grand  entrance  and  ar- 
ranged in  a  semi-circle  are  eight  great  elevators,  and  from  the  front 
court  rise  two  grand  stairways  leading  clear  to  the  top  of  the 
building.  A  central  hall  extends  north  and  south  on  each  floor  and 
a  transverse  one  also  extends  into  the  wings.  The  lower  courts  and 
halls  are  resplendent  with  marble  mosaic  paving,  while  plain  marble 
is  used  in  the  upper  halls.  In  height  the  temple  is  a  "sky-scraper," 
extending  thirteen  stories  toward  the  heavens. 

BRIDGES. — The  Chicago  river  being  navigable  for  lake  vessels, 
and  intersecting  the  heart  of  the  city,  a  large  number  of  bridges 
have  been  required.  No  less  than  forty-five  now  span  this  small 
stream.  Nearly  all  are  swinging  bridges,  and  many  of  them  are 
operated  by  steam.  Steel  construction  has  been  employed  in  the 
bridges  most  recently  erected.  Among  these,  the  Adams  street 
bridge  is  a  notable  structure.  It  is  a  four-track  bridge,  259  feet  long 
on  center  truss,  and  57  feet  in  width.  This  bridge  is  two  feet  three 
inches  lower  at  the  east  end  than  at  the  west  end,  and,  at  the  same 
time  is  reversible,  the  turn-table  track  being  set  on  a  grade  of  one  in 
115.  Some  doubts  were  expressed  as  to  its  feasibility  when  the  plan 
was  proposed,  but  the  city  engineers  say  that  no  bridge  in  the  city 
works  better  than  this  one.  The  Rush  street  draw  is  one  of  the 
longest  in  the  world.  The  Lake,  Wells  and  Jackson  street  bridges 
are  handsome  structures.  The  present  bridge  at  Madison  street  is  to 
be  moved  to  Washington  street,  and  one  of  the  finest  bridges  in  the 
city  erected  in  its  place. 

VIADUCTS. — In  few  instances  do  railroads  enter  the  city  above 
or  below  the  street  level.  Grade-crossings  are  the  rule.  Engineers 


54        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 

have  long  sought  to  remedy  this  state  of  affairs,  which  will  probably 
be  accomplished  in  time  ;  but,  meanwhile,  some  relief  is  being  pro- 
vided at  the  most  dangerous  crossings  by  the  erection  of  viaducts. 
There  are  thirty-five  of  these  structures  in  the  city,  the  longest  and 
finest  of  which  is  on  Twelfth  street,  extending  from  Clark  street  to 
Wabash  avenue,  crossing  the  tracks  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and 
Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company,  and  costing  $209, 736. 


INTERIOR  OF  PRESENT  ROOKERY   BUILDING. 

"ROOKERY." — After  the  great  fire  of  1871  the  municipality 
erected  for  temporary  use  a  two-story  brick  building  on  the  half  block 
bounded  by  La  Salle,  Adams  and  Quincy  streets,  and  the  alley  be- 
tween La  Salle  and  Clark  streets  and  called  it  the  City  Hall.  It  was 
also  occupied  by  the  Courts.  The  structure  was  put  up  in  great 
haste  and  without  regard  to  architectural  beauty.  It  is  stated  that 
pigeons  used  to  flock  to  the  building,  induced  thither  by  a  glass  roof 


THE    ROOKERY    BUILDING. 


55 


56        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AA'D  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

which  surmounted  a  disused  water  tank  which  occupied  the  center 
of  the  structure  and  by  the  oats  which  fell  from  the  feed-bags  which 
the  fire  marshals  used  for  their  horses  on  the  Quincy  street  side. 
The  story  goes  that  one  day  a  gentleman  marched  into  Mayor  Medill's 
office  to  complain  of  the  pigeon  nuisance  and  spoke  of  the  building 
as  a  "rookery."  Whether  this  was  the  real  origin  of  the  term  or 
not,  the  newspaper  reporters  got  into  the  habit  of  calling  the  building 
the  "rookery,"  and  it  was  generally  understood  that  they  alluded  to 
the  dilapidated  condition  of  the  structure,-  which  from  the  day  it  was 
finished  began  to  fall  to  pieces.  At  any  rate  the  name  clung  to  it  as 
long  as  the  building  stood,  and  when  the  present  magnificent  struc- 
ture took  its  place  its  owners  decided  to  retain  it. 

LAKE  AND  RIVER  FRONTAGE.— The  city  has  a  frontage  on 
Lake  Michigan  of  twenty-two  miles  and  a  river  frontage  of  about  fifty- 
eight  miles,  twenty-two  and  one-half  miles  of  which  are  navigable. 

LAKES  AND  RIVERS. — There  are  three  lakes  within  the  pres- 
ent city  limits  containing  an  area  of  4,095.6  acres,  as  follows  :  Calumet 
Lake  3,122  acres,  Hyde  Lake  330.8  acres,  the  portion  of  Wolf  Lake 
lying  within  the  city  limits  642.8  acres.  Of  these  Calumet  and  Wolf 
are  navigable.  There  are  two  rivers  within  the  corporate  limits  ;  the 
Chicago  river,  with  north  and  south  branches,  which  divide  the  city 
into  districts  known,  respectively,  as  the  North,  South  and  W7est 
"Divisions"  or  "Sides" — and  the  Calumet  river,  with  Big  and  Little 
Calumet  rivers,  which  penetrate  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  city. 
MASONIC  TEMPLE. — This  most  marvellous  structure,  taken  as 
a  whole,  is  in  the  center  of  the  business  district.  The  idea  of  a  grand 
Masonic  temple  in  Chicago  had  been  encouraged  by  Western 
Masons  for  the  last  twenty  years.  Numerous  agitations  of  the  pro- 
ject were  started  but  fell  through,  partly  for  want  of  some  one  who 
was  willing  to  take  the  responsibility,  and  partly  because  the  money 
could  not  be  raised.  For,  though  the  Masons  as  individuals  are 
wealthy,  the  lodges  are  kept  poor  by  their  liberal  charities  and 
funeral  expenses.  In  1873  Norman  T.  Cassette,  then  eminent  com- 
mander of  the  Apollo  Commander}*,  renewed  the  agitation  of  this 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


57 


subject,  in  connection  with  a  special  effort  to  secure  for  the  site  of 
such  a  temple  the  lot  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Dearborn  and  Mon- 
roe streets,  on  which  the  Stock  Exchange  now  stands.  But  there 
was  no  adhesiveness  among  the  Masons  whom  he  was  able  to  interest 
in  the  scheme,  and  the  old  trouble  of  a  lack  of  money  killed  it.  The 
last  and  successful  effort  in  behalf  of  this  enterprise  originated  in 
December,  1889,  when  Gil  W.  Barnard  and  Dr.  J.  B.  Fatrich,  of 


LINCOLN   STATUE   (Lincoln  Park). 

Van  Rensselaer  Lodge,  issued  a  call  for  a  meeting  of  prominent 
Masons  to  consider  this  subject.  This  call  had  several  other  names 
appended  to  it,  among  which  was  that  of  Mr.  Gassette,  and  was 
addressed  to  sixty  Masons.  The  meeting  took  place  in  Mr.  Bar- 
nard's office  in  the  same  month.  The  result  was  that  General  John 
Corson  Smith  appointed  a  committee  of  ten,  with  Mr.  Gassette  as 
chairman,  to  select  a  location  for  a  Masonic  Temple,  to  devise  ways 


58        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FATR. 

and  means  for  erecting  the  building  and  to  report  to  a  meeting  of  the 
craft  to  be  held  subsequently.  The  committee  addressed  itself  to  the 
task  with  great  energy,  and  about  a  month  later  a  meeting  of  1 20 
members  of  the  craft  was  called  at  the  Oriental  Consistory  preceptory 
to  hear  their  report  and  consider  their  recommendations.  The  com- 
mittee in  the  meanwhile  had  had  several  sites  offered  them,  but  had 
definitely  selected  the  lots  at  the  northeast  corner  of  State  and  Ran- 
dolph streets.  The  report  was  heard  and  approved  in  many  particu- 
lars, and  the  committee  was  discharged.  Immediately  thereafter, 
however,  the  meeting  appointed  Norman  T.  Gassette,  Amos  Grannis 
and  E.  R.  Bliss  a  committee  to  carry  out  the  plan  that  had  been  pro- 
posed. There  was  no  particular  organization  and  everything 
devolved  on  this  committee,  with  no  instructions  but  to  "go  ahead." 
The  committee  took  the  meeting  at  its  word  and  went  ahead  in  the 
most  approved  fashion.  In  less  than  a  month,  without  any  organiza- 
tion or  corporate  authority  whatever,  it  had  purchased  the  site  for 
$1,100.000  and  opened  books  for  stock.  On  April  4th,  the  Secretary 
of  State  issued  articles  of  incorporation  to  the  Masonic  Fraternity 
Temple  Association,  with  Norman  T.  Gassette,  Amos  Grannis,  E.  R. 
Bliss,  John  Buehler  and  C.  H.  Blakely  as  directors.  The  officers 
subsequently  elected  were :  Norman  T.  Gassette,  president ;  Amos 
Grannis,  vice-president ;  E.  R.  Bliss,  secretary ;  •  and  Warren  G. 
Purdy,  treasurer.  The  company  was  capitalized  at  $2,000,000,  and 
the  price  of  stock  was  fixed  at  $100  per  share.  The  building  is  pro- 
nounced to  be  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world. 

POTTER  PALMER.— While  the  citizens'  meetings  and  the  city 
council  meetings  were  passing  resolutions  and  enacting  meaningless 
ordinances,  Mr.  Palmer  was  developing  a  plan  for  the  widening  of 
State  street,  in  his  own  mind.  This  plan  was  a  simple  one.  He 
carried  it  out.  How?  By  presenting  the  city  of  Chicago  with  the 
frontage,  taken  from  his  own  lots,  necessary  to  give  this  section  of 
State  street  a  uniform  width.  He  did  it  modestly.  It  was  done  so 
quickly  and  so  quietly  that  the  citizens  and  the  city  council  were 
taken  by  surprise.  There  was  no  further  business,  so  far  as  State 


60        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 

street  was  concerned,  before  them,  and  they  adjourned.  The  sacri- 
fice made  by  Mr.  Palmer  was  a  great  one.  Every  foot  of  the  prop- 
erty he  so  generously  gave  away  for  the  public  good  represented  a 
large  sum  of  money.  Nobody  has  ever  heard  him  speak  of  it,  how- 
ever. Only  old  citizens  remember  it  now.  Potter  Palmer's  gener- 
osity made  State  street  what  it  is  to-day,  for  if  it  had  not  been 
widened  the  retail  business  would  have  long  since  sought  another 
avenue  not  far  away.  And  while  I  am  on  this  subject,  I  want  to  say 
to  you,  not  exactly  what  I  think  about  Potter  Palmer,  but  what  all 
Chicagoans  who  know  anything  about  this  man  feel.  To  Potter 
Palmer,  more,  perhaps,  than  to  any  living  man,  is  due  the  present 
greatness  of  Chicago.  His  influence  has  always  been  a  mighty,  if  a 
silent  force,  in  the  development  of  this  city.  He  has  never  lost  faith 
in  her  future.  Time  and  again  his  counsel,  his  judgment  and  his 
purse  have  saved  the  credit  of  the  community  abroad.  When  the 
reaction  which  followed  the  civil  war  set  in,  when  values  became 
demoralized,  when  the  shrinkage  in  prices  destroyed  the  capital  of 
some  of  the  strongest  houses  in  existence  here,  Potter  Palmer  stood 
as  firm  as  a  rock  between  our  merchants  and  bankruptcy,  and  com- 
pelled their  creditors  to  make  fair  and  honorable  terms.  After  the 
great  fire,  though  one  of  the  heaviest  sufferers,  he  was  one  of  the 
first  to  step  into  the  debris  and  proclaim  that  Chicago  should  not 
only  be  rebuilt,  but  should  arise  from  its  ashes  greater  than  ever. 
The  story  of  the  rebuilding  of  the  Palmer  House,  which  we  will 
see  farther  down  the  street,  if  properly  told,  would  read  like  a 
fairy  tale.  By  day  and. night,  under  the  blaze  of  the  sun  and  in 
the  glare  of  torches  and  calcium  lights,  the  work  never  ceased 
until  the  magnificent  structure  was  completed.  Practically  penni- 
less, then,  and  for  years  afterward,  Potter  Palmer  commanded  un- 
limited credit  at  home  and  abroad.  The  man's  integrity  was  his 
capital,  and  it  secured  for  him  the  means  whereby  he  has  been 
enabled,  during  the  past  twenty  years,  not  only  to  retrieve  the 
fortune  he  had  lost  in  a  single  night,  but  to  build  up  a  new  and  a 
greater  one.  The  great  retail  houses  which  we  see  on  either  side 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  61 

of  the  street,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  have  all  grown  up  during 
a  remarkably  brief  period.  The  oldest  of  them,  in  comparison 
with  European  houses  are  merely  in  their  infancy.  We  will  have 
to  stand  close  to  the  edge  of  the  sidewalk  or  we  will  be  carried  along 
by  the  crowd.  I  don't  think  you  ever  saw  so  many  well-dressed 
people  anywhere.  Most  of  them  are  ladies.  There  is  a  good  deal 
of  what  the  world  calls  style  to  be  seen  along  here  at  all  hours  of 
the  day. 

MARSHALL  FIELD  &  CO. — You  have  heard  of  Field's  before. 
Everybody  in  this  country  has,  and,  in  commercial  circles  at  least, 
the  house  is  known  throughout  the  civilized  world.  It  is  not  only 
the  greatest  dry  goods  establishment  in  this  country,  but  greater 
than  any  in  existence  abroad.  This  is  the  retail  store ;  the  whole- 
sale house  we  will  see  later  on.  Perhaps  you  remember  that  the 
style  of  the  firm  only  a  few  years  ago  was  Field,  Leiter  &  Co. 
Mr.  Loiter  retired,  and  Mr.  Field  remained,  forming  a  new  part- 
nership, and  great  as  the  house  was  when  the  dissolution  took 
place — a  dissolution,  by  the  way,  which  surprised  and  startled  the 
country  at  the  time — it  is  three  times  as  great  to-day.  The  American 
merchant,  who  in  point  of  wealth  and  vastness  of  business  deal- 
ings must  be  ranked  first  among  "the  rich  by  honest  brains  and 
industry,"  is  a  man  whose  name  is  unfamiliar  to  most  readers. 
His  home  is  not  in  New  York  but  in  Chicago,  and  even  there 
he  is  personally  little  known  in  comparison  with  the  prominence 
to  which  his  position  in  the  business  and  social  world  entitles 
him.  He  is  the  head  of  the  great  house  of  Marshall  Field  &  Co., 
general  merchants. 

GRANT  STATUE,  LINCOLN  PARK.— Situated  on  the  North 
Shore  Drive,  Lincoln  Park.  A  magnificent  monument  to  the  memory 
of  the  great  general  of  the  Civil  War.  The  sculptor  was  Louis  T. 
Rebisso,  an  exile  from  his  native  land  for  the  part  he  took  in  striving 
to  establish  a  republic  in  Italy.  Whilst  the  signs  of  public  mourning 
were  still  visible  in  Chicago  there  was  a  spontaneous  movement  for 
the  erection  of  a  monument  to  General  Grant.  To  suggest  was  to 


62 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


act ;  to  act  was  to  execute.  Within  a  year  the  requisite  fund  was 
subscribed,  and  an  award  of  $200  made  to  Rebisso  of  Cincinnati  for 
presenting  the  most  acceptable  design.  The  result  is  before  the 
'public  in  the  unique  equestrian  group  unveiled  amid  the  impressive 
ceremonies  of  October  7,  1891.  There  have  been  many  attempts  in 
sculpture  to  image  General  Grant,  but  we  can  recall  none  more  suc- 


GRANT   STATUE   (Uncoln  Park). 


cessful  than  Mr.  Rebisso' s.  The  physical  proportions  of  the  majestic 
figure  are  as  faultless  as  the  facial  expression.  Grant  was  about  five 
feet  seven  inches  high,  with  a  well-knit  frame,  the  image  of  con- 
scious strength  and  matchless  endurance.  He  had  a  square  and 
spacious  forehead,  a  strong  lower  jaw  and  firm-set  lips.  His  hair  and 
whiskers  were  always  worn  short.  His  habitual  expression  indicated 
repose  and  firmness,  without  assumption  or  severity.  No  more  im- 


64 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 


posing  and  successfnl  specimen  of  monumental  art  graces  any  city  in 
the  United  States. 

HAYMAKKET  MASSACRE.— Night  of  May  4,  1886.  The  title 
is  a  misnomer.  The  tragedy  recalled  to  mind  by  the  name  in  reality 
occurred  on  Desplaines  St.,  between  the  Haymarket  and  the  alley 
which  runs  east  from  Desplaines  St. ,  south  of  Crane  Brothers'  man- 
ufacturing establishment.  The  wagon  from  which  the  anarchist 
speakers  addressed  the  mob  stood  directly  in  front  of  Crane  Brothers' 


GRANT  STATUE   (Lincoln  Park). 

steps,  about  eight  feet  north  of  this  alley.  The  bomb  was  thrown 
from  the  mouth  of  the  alley  and  exploded  between  the  second  and 
third  companies  of  policemen,  as  the  six  companies  were  halting 
close  to  the  wagon.  The  bomb  thrower  unquestionably  made  his 
escape  through  the  alley,  which  connects  with  another  opening  on 
Randolph  St. ,  east  of  the  Haymarket.  Seven  policemen  were  killed 
outright,  or  died  shortly  afterward  of  their  wounds,  as  a  result  of  the 
explosion.  A  large  number  of  policemen  were  badly  and  perma- 
nently injured.  How  many  of  those  in  the  mob  were  killed  or  died 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


65 


afterward  of  the  injuries  they  received  in  the  police  fusillade  which 
followed  the  explosion  has  never  been  known,  for  their  bodies  were 
quietly  buried  and  their  wounds  concealed  by  their  friends  whenever 
possible.  The  arrest  of  the  leaders,  Fielden,  Spies,  Engel,  Lingg, 
Neebe,  Schwab,  Fischer,  the  searching  of  the  Arbeiter  Zeitung  office, 
on  the  east  side  of  Fifth  Ave. ,  near  Washington  street,  and  the  dis- 


POLICEMAN'S    MONUMENT    (Haymarket  Square). 

covery  there  of  a  vast  supply  of  dynamite,  arms,  bombs  and  infernal 
machines ;  the  discovery  of  bombs  in  different  parts  of  the  city, 
under  sidewalks,  in  lumber  yards  and  at  the  homes  of  the  anarchists ; 
the  sensational  surrender  of  Parsons,  who  had  taken  flight  on  the 
night  of  the  massacre  ;  the  long  trial,  the  speeches,  the  sentence,  the 
appeal ;  the  refusal  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  to 
interfere ;  the  efforts  made  to  have  the  death  sentence  commuted ; 
the  day  of  execution,  the  nth  of  November,  1887;  the  shocking 
5 


60        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

suicide  of  the  "tiger  anarchist,"  Lingg,  in  his  cell  at  the  jail;  the 
hanging  of  Parsons,  Spies,  Engel  and  Fischer,  the  commutation  of 
the  death  sentences  of  Fielden  and  Schwab  to  life  imprisonment,  all 
contributed  toward  the  popular  excitement  which  followed  the  fatal 
4th  of  May  and  continued  until  the  gallows  and  the  prison  had  per- 
formed the  parts  assigned  them  by  the  law.  The  executed  anarchists 
are  buried  at  Waldheim  Cemetery.  The  cell  in  which  Lingg  com- 
mitted suicide  is  directly  in  front  of  the  "cage"  in  the  county  jail. 
The  other  anarchists  occupied  cells  in  the  same  row.  The  police 
monument  at  the  intersection  of  Randolph  and  Desplaines  Streets, 
(Haymarket  Square)  was  erected  by  the  citizens  of  Chicago  in  honor 
of  the  brave  officers  who  risked  or  sacrificed  their  lives  in  defense  of 
the  law,  and  in  commemoration  of  the  death  of  anarchy  in  this  city. 

HAYMARKET  SQUARE.— That  portion  of  West  Randolph 
street  between  Desplaines  and  Halsted  streets,  West  Side.  Near' 
the  east  end  of  the  square  for  many  years  stood  the  West  Side  Market 
House,  a  part  of  which  was  occupied  as  a  police  station.  The  square 
is  now  entirely  open,  the  police  monument  being  the  only  obstruction 
in  the  broad  thoroughfare.  To  the  north  of  the  monument,  on 
Desplaines  street,  the  bomb  was  thrown  on  the  night  of  May  4,  1886. 

J.  V.  FARWELL  COMPANY.— The  great  dry  goods  house  of 
J.  Y.  Farwell  &  Co.,  one  of  the  largest  in  the  world,  and  doing  a  busi- 
ness of  over  $40,000,000  per  annum,  was  incorporated  as  a  stock  com- 
pany on  December  13,  1890;  the  board  of  directors  are  :  C.  B.  Farwell, 
J.  K.  Harmon,  J.  V.  Farwell,  Jr.,  J.  T.  Chumasero,  F.  P.  Potter,  J. 
E.  Downs  and  S.  Farwell.      The  officers  are :  C.  B.  Farwell,  presi- 
dent ;  J.  K.  Harmon,  vice-president ;  J.  V.  Farwell,  Jr. ,  treasurer ;  J. 
T.  Chumasero,  secretary. 

LOGA>T  STATUE. — To  be  erected  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
General  and  Senator,  John  A.  Logan.  Soon  after  the  death  of  Gen. 
Logan,  in  1887,  the  Illinois  Legislature  passed  an  act  appropriating 
$50,000  for  a  monument  of  John  A.  Logan  and  for  the  appointment 
of  commissioners  therefor.  The  monument  was  to  be  erected  "at 
such  point  in  the  City  of  Chicago  or  elsewhere  in  the  State  of  Illinois 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE   TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


as  may  be  selected  by  his  widow,"  and  the  commissioners  were 
authorized  and  empowered  to  receive  proposals  and  to  contract  for 
the  completion  of  such  monument  and  to  receive  subscriptions  there- 
for. It  was  further  provided,  that  if  the  place  selected  for  the  monu- 
ment should  be  a  public  park,  the  commissioners  in  charge  of  such 
park  should  be  ''authorized,  empowered,  and  directed  to  place  the 


THE  LAFAYETTE  STATUE- 

monument  upon  a  site  so  selected  by  said  widow,  and  to  provide  that 
such  monument  shall  be  made  the  permanent  resting  place  of  the  re- 
mains of  said  John  A.  Logan  and  of  his  widow  after  her  death. 
When  the  bill  was  passed  in  1887  it  was  the  intention  to  erect  the 
monument  some  place  in  the  South  Parks.  The  commissioners,  or 
a  majority  of  them,  expressed  an  intention  to  erect  the  pedestal,  and 
it  was  proposed  to  enlarge  the  appropriation  for  the  monument  by 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  69 

popular  subscription  ;  by  subscription  among  the  veteran  soldiers  and 
among  the  friends  and  admirers  of  the  dead  soldier-statesman.  But, 
as  time  passed  on,  there  were  no  subscriptions  from  any  source,  and 
the  promoters  of  the  project  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  $50,000 
appropriated  by  the  State  would  be  the  only  available  fund. 

MICHIGAN  AVENUE.— Formerly  a  residence  street  along  the 
Lake  Park,  has  changed  materially  within  a  few  years.  It  is  now 
Michigan  Boulevard.  It  will  probably  become  the  great  hotel  avenue 
of  the  city.  At  present  some  of  the  grandest  structures  in  Chicago  are 
located  along  its  west  side.  At  Adams  street  is  the  Brunswick,  and 
on  the  opposite  corner  is  the  Pullman  building,  which  is  more  or  less 
of  a  hotel.  On  the  northeast  corner  of  Jackson  street  is  located  the 
Argyle  apartment  building,  which  is  really  a  large  family  hotel. 
North  of  it,  on  the  ground  owned  by  the  Jennings  estate,  and  occu- . 
pied  by  Leroy  Payne's  stables,  there  will  be  a  hotel.  On  the  south- 
west corner  is  the  Leland,  and  then  the  Richelieu.  Next  comes  the 
Beaurivage,  which  has  been  remodeled  into  a  hotel  by  the  owner,  L. 
J.  McCormick,  who  will  call  it  the  Victoria.  These  three  hotels 
occupy  the  entire  block  between  Jackson  and  Van  Buren  streets.  At 
the  northeast  corner  of  Congress  street  is  the  greatest  of  all,  the  Audi- 
torium. Within  three  or  four  years  the  Auditorium  Hotel  Company 
will  acquire  possession  of  the  Studebaker  building,  which  adjoins  it 
on  the  north,  and  which  will  be  re-arranged  so  as  to  be  suitable  for 
hotel  purposes.  Between  Harrison  and  Twelfth  streets  there  are 
several  large  apartment  buildings  which  answer  the  same  purpose  as 
family  hotels.  At  Park  Row  and  Twelfth  street  is  the  site  selected 
for  the  new  hotel,  which  will  rival  the  Auditorium.  The  Batchelder 
interests  will  build  at  Twenty-second  street,  and  at  Twenty-third 
street  the  magnificent  Hotel  Metropole  is  being  builded.  There  will 
be  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Thirty-fifth  street  a  large  apartment 
building.  These  different  enterprises  are  gradually  changing  Michi- 
gan aveuue  from  a  thoroughfare  of  fine  residences  to  a  semi-business 
street  which  has  no  parallel  in  Chicago. 

GRAND  BOULEVARD.  — Thi.i  is  one  of  the  fashionable  drives 


70        riC'lURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  I' AIR. 

of  the  South  Side.  Commencing  at  the  southern  extremity,  where 
it  joins  Washington  Park,  we  will  walk  up.  Among  the  handsome 
residences  we  pass  to  the  right  and  left  are  those  of  Judge  H. 
M.  Shepard,  Mr.  Charles  H.  Aldrich,  Brice  Worley,  John  W. 
Conley,  Mark  Webster,  William  W.  Peck,  H.  E.  Henderson,  Patrick 
McMauus,  S.  J.  Gorman,  Norman  T.  Cassette,  J.  H.  Campbell,  S.  P. 
Parmly,  E.  Frankenthal,  J.  McMahon,  Judge  Gwyne  Garnett,  John 


GRAND   BOULEVARD. 

F.  Finerty,  George  E.  Cole,  and,  as  the  political  calls  say,  "many 
others."  I  have  not  asked  you  to  go  through  the  south  parks  with 
me,  because  you  have  all  the  information  I  can  give  you  regarding 
those  beautiful  places  in  your  possession  already.  I  will  let  you  take 
the  parks  in  yourself  later  in  the  evening,  and  we  will  wind  up  our 
day's  trip  now  by  walking  west  on  Thirty-ninth  street,  and  north  on 


72        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

Michigan  boulevard.  All  of  the  streets  running  north  and  south 
and  east  and  west  in  this  neighborhood  are  interesting  to  the  visitor, 
for  they  are  beautifully  built  up  and  inhabited  by  people  of  means 
and  culture.  We  can  only  notice  them  casually  as  we  pass,  however. 
From  Thirty-ninth  street,  north  to  Twenty-second  street,  the  east 
and  west  streets,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  are  considered  desira- 
ble residence  avenues.  Especially  is  this  the  case  with  Thirty- 
third,  Thirty-seventh  and  Thirty-ninth  streets.  The  latter  is  a  bou- 
levard connecting  Grand  and  Michigan  boulevards.  Passing  west  on 
Thirty-ninth  street,  we  admire  the  cheerful  aspect  of  the  houses  and 
find  ourselves  on 

MICHIGAN*  BOULEVARD. — Michigan  avenue  is  the  popular 
name ;  but  the  street  is  a  boulevard  and  under  the  control  of  the 
park  commissioners.  Prairie,  Calumet,  Lake,  Ellis,  Grand,  the  Lake 
Shore  Drive  or  Ashland, — Michigan  is  the  finest  of  them  all.  What 
a  magnificent  stretch  of  perfect  roadway !  Stately  and  elegant  are 
the  residences  of  the  boulevard,  with  their  handsome  lawns  and  their 
wide-spreading  shade  trees,  rising  on  either  side  until  the  street  nar- 
rows to  a  beautiful  country  lane  a  mile  to  the  north  !  The  roadway 
is  as  level  as  the  top  of  a  billiard  table.  Here  are  some  of  the  finest 
mansions  in  the  city, — mansions  of  the  new  and  golden  epoch  in 
Chicago's  history. 

NEW  BUILDING  OF  CHICAGO  HERALD.— There  is  probably 
not  another  building  devoted  to  the  publication  of  a  newspaper  in  the 
world  equalling  it  in  magnificence,  and  certainly  there  is  none  other 
in  which  so  much  attention  has  been  given  to  completeness  of  detail. 
On  entering  the  imposing  counting-room,  the  visitor  will  at  once 
'  notice  the  fine  Italian  stone  mosaic  with  which  the  floor  is  hand  in- 
laid, the  counter  of  black  Belgian  marble,  surmounted  with  black 
iron,  wrought  in  graceful  designs,  and  the  sixteen  columns  of  genuine 
Sienna  marble ;  also  the  Italian  marble  wainscoting.  They  will  also 
be  interested  in  the  working  of  the  automatic  tubes,  which  convey 
advertising  matter  to  the  composing-room  and  news  matter  to  the  ed- 
itorial floor.  Passing  four  long  distance  telephones,  entrance  is  had 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  73 

to  the  visitor's  gallery,  overlooking  ten  Titanic  presses.  Next  in 
point  of  interest  is  the  composing-room,  to  which  the  visitor  ascends 
in  either  of  the  two  great  elevators,  framed  in  hand-wrought  iron, 
and  which  travel  up  a  shaft  walled  from  top  to  bottom  with  the  finest 
Italian  marble.  The  walls  of  the  composing-room  are  white  enam- 
eled, and  it  is  finished  throughout  in  marble,  iron  and  oak.  Even 


CHICAGO    HERALD   OFFICE. 

the  type  stands  are  of  iron,  with  the  monogram  of  The  Herald 
wrought  in  gold  in  each,  and  there  are  cases  for  180  men  on  straight 
composition,  to  say  nothing  of  those  employed  on  advertising  copy. 
Electric  calls  at  each  case  connect  with  the  copy-box,  in  the  front  of 
which  is  a  perforated  peg  rack  where  are  assorted  slugs,  numbered  on 
both  sides  for  every  compositor,  and  by  which  the  copy  cutter  tells  at 
a  glance  what  and  how  many  men  are  working  on  "time"  copy. 


74        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO   THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

An  aerial  railway  takes  advertising  copy  from  the  copy-box  to  the 
"Ad"  department,  and  the  proof  from  thence  to  the  proof-readers. 
Electric  call  speaking  tubes  connect  the  principal  departments  of  the 
building.  The  foreman's  office  is  on  an  elevated  platform,  from 
which  he  can  survey  his  entire  force.  Every  compositor  has  a  clothes 
locker,  and  the  marble  closets  are  unsurpassed  in  elegance  by  those  of 
any  hotel.  Filtered  ice-water,  with  a  solid  silver,  gold-lined  drinking 
cup,  a  restaurant  finished  in  marble  and  oak,  and  provided  with  read- 
ing tables  and  library,  are  other  provisions  for  the  compositors.  Four 
hundred  electric  lights  illuminate  this  department,  adjoining  which  is 
the  stereotyping-room  with  its  two-ton  metal-pot,  improved  mailing 
machine,  matrix  drying  and  matrix  trimming  machines.  A  Turkish 
bath  and  marble-walled  toilet-room  is  one  of  the  luxuries  afforded  to 
the  workers  in  this  room. 

ASHLAND  BLOCK. — Located  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Clark 
and  Randolph  streets.  Planned  by  Architect  D.  H.  Burnham. 
Property  leased  from  A.  G.  Alexander,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  by 
R.  A.  Waller,  of  this  city,  and  L,.  Broadhead,  of  Kentucky,  for  a 
term  of  years.  This  building  is  sixteen  stories  high,  with  a  frontage 
on  Clark  street  of  140  feet  and  80  feet  on  Randolph  street.  The 
exterior  is  classical.  The  windows  of  the  lower  stories  are  recessed 
and  end  in  an  arch  at  the  third  story.  The  principal  entrance  is 
from  Clark  street  and  is  twenty-one  feet  wide.  This  extends  to  a 
height  of  two  and  a  half  stories  and  is  finished  in  terra  cotta  of  a  deli- 
cate design.  The  first  story  has  eight  stores  on  the  Clark  street  side 
and  three  on  Randolph  street.  The  second  floor  contains  several 
spacious  banking  rooms  17  feet  high  and  the  remaining  floors  are 
divided  into  about  350  offices.  Seven  elevators  are  placed  in  the  rear 
hall  of  the  building.  This  building  was  ready  for  occupancy  in  May, 
1892.  . 

COLU3IBUS  BUILDING. — To  be  erected  on  the  southeast  cor- 
ner of  State  and  Washington  streets,  after  plans  by  W.  W.  Boying- 
ton.  The  structure  will  be  fourteen  stories  high,  two  floors  being 
contained  in  the  ornamental  space  above  the  cornice.  It  will  cover 


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70        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

the  lot,  with  its  frontage  of  100  feet  on  State  street  and  90  feet  on 
Washington  street.  It  will  be  constructed  of  stone,  steel  and  terra 
cotta,  after  the  best  models.  A  main  feature  will  be  the  two  stores 
on  the  ground  floor,  on  either  side  of  the  main  entrance.  Each  will 
be  forty  feet  wide.  The  decorations  and  fixtures  will  cost  $175,000. 
At  the  rear  of  each  will  be  a  glass  mosaic,  one  showing  Columbus  at 
the  Court  of  Isabella  and  the  other  his  landing  in  America.  The 
contract  for  these  mosaics  has  been  placed  in  Venice.  The  ceiling 
beams  of  the  stores  will  be  of  bronze,  supporting  Mexican  onyx  ceil- 
ings. Over  the  entrance  to  the  building  a  ten-foot  bronze  statue  of 
Columbus  will  be  placed,  which  is  now  being  made  at  Rome.  The 
floors  throughout  the  building  are  to  be  of  mosaic. 

The  height  of  the  tower  from  the  sidewalk  to  the  top  of  the 
glass  globe  will  be  240  feet.  The  globe  on  top  is  to  be  of  opalescent 
glass,  with  the  continents  marked  in  color,  with  a  cut  jewel  loca- 
ting Chicago,  to  be  lighted  with  a  3OOO-candle-power  electric  lamp. 
The  style  of  architecture  in  detail  is  Spanish  renaissance.  The 
various  coats  of  arms  of  Spanish  royalty  will  be  shown  in  the  cornice 
and  elsewhere.  Work  will  be  begun  May  ist,  and  the  structure  will 
be  completed  May  i,  1893.  The  building  will  cost  about  $800,000. 

THE  "CRIB."— The  original  crib  is  situated  about  two  miles 
out  in  Lake  Michigan,  almost  directly  east  of  the  foot  of  Chicago 
avenue.  "The  Man  at  the  Crib,"  is  Captain  Charles  McKee,  who, 
with  his  family,  has  spent  eleven  years  in  that  desolate,  wave- 
washed  and  tempest-battered  granite  home.  He  has  reared  a  family 
of  five  girls  and  one  boy,  all  of  whom  are  married,  except  one  girl. 
Besides  his  wife  and  daughter,  three  men  and  a  dog  occupy  the  crib 
at  present.  The  crib-keeper's  quarters  are  comfortable.  During  the 
winter  months,  when  ice  floes  threaten  to  clog  the  grated  mouth  of 
the  water  tunnel,  his  duties  are  as  severe  as  they  are  important. 
There  are  thousands  of  visitors  at  the  crib  during  the  summer 
months ;  in  the  winter  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  reach  it  with  the 
city  supply  boat.  The  visitor  can  take  an  excursion  boat,  steam  or 
sail,  on  the  lake  shore,  foot  of  Van  Buren  street. 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


77 


VOX  LINNE  STATUE. — Erected  to  the  memory  of  Carl  von 
L,inne,  or  L,innseus,  as  the  world  calls  him,  an  illustrious  native  of 
Sweden.  The  statue  is  of  bronze,  of  heroic  size,  on  a  white  marble 
pedestal,  and  it  overlooks  the  little  common  near  the  foot  of  Fuller- 
ton  avenue.  The  spot  is  one  of  the  prettiest  in  the  park.  The 
monument  is  encircled  with  fine  trees,  and  it  looks  south  over  a  fine 
expanse  of  landscape.  It  cost  the  Linnaean  Monument  Association 


VON    LINNE   STATUE   (Lincoln  Park). 

which  built  it  $22,000,  and  is  one  of  the  handsomest  monuments  in 
the  West.     The  statue  was  unveiled  May  23d,  1891. 

WATER- WORKS. — The  water-works  of  Chicago  are  among 
the  wonders  of  the  city,  not  alone  because  of  their  magnitude,  but 
because  of  the  magnificent  engineering  features  which  they  present 
to  the  intelligent  or  curious  visitor.  The  great  central  pumping 
works  of  the  system  are  as  follows :  Foot  of  Chicago  Avenue,  North 
Side.  These  works  are  at  the  Southern  end  of  the  Lake  Shore  drive. 
West  Side  works,  corner  of  Blue  Island  Avenue  and  Twenty-second 
street.  Central  pumping  station,  West  Harrison  street ;  between 


78        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD   GLIDE   TO   THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


Desplaines  and  Halsted  streets.  To  visit  the  different  "cribs"  situ- 
ated in  Lake  Michigan,  during  the  summer  months,  take  excursion 
boats  on  the  lake  shore,  foot  of  Van  Buren  street.  The  fare  for 
round  trip  is  25  cents.  The  area  of  Chicago  is  about  181  square 
miles,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  thickly  populated,  requiring  good 
facilities  for  an  abundant  supply  of  water.  This  is  drawn  from  Lake 
Michigan  by  a  number  of  separate  water-works,  all  of  which  are 


SCHILLER   MONUMENT    ^Uncolu  Park). 

operated  upon  the  same  plan.  Owing  to  the  perfectly  level  plain 
upon  which  Chicago  is  built,  there  is  no  natural  elevation  available 
for  the  establishment  of  reservoirs.  The  water,  when  drawn  from 
the  lake,  is  pumped  directly  into  the  mains  against  a  stand-pipe  head 
of  about  100  feet. 

WATER  TOWERS — For  the  benefit  of  those  who  do  not  under- 
stand the  principles  of  water  distribution  in  a  great  city,  the  following 


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8'J        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

explanation  is  given :  A  tunnel  from  the  crib  in  t.ie  lake  is  built  on 
an  incline  so  that  the  water  pours  into  a  well  under  the  water-works. 
In  getting  there  it  has  been  allowed  to  fall  several  feet  below  the 
level  of  the  lake.  When  the  pumping  is  light,  of  course  the  water 
rises  in  the  well  to  the  level  of  its  source — the  lake — but  in  Chicago 
the  demand  is  so  strong  that  the  pumps  keep  the  water  in  the  well 
several  feet  below  that  in  the  lake,  raising  the  water  from  a  distance 
maybe  sixteen  feet  below  lake  surface.  After  the  pumps  have  thus 
raised  the  water  their  work  is  just  begun.  They  must  noV  force 
it  out  the  mains  and  into  the  houses,  just  as  an  ordinary  well  pump, 
with  the  valve  in  the  bottom  of  the  well  instead  of  up  near  the 
pump  handle,  brings  the  water  to  the  pump  spout.  The  use  of  the 
tower  is  now  shown.  Take  away  a  section  of  the  masonry  and  there 
remains  an  upright  pipe.  A  description  of  the  West  Side  water- 
works tower  will  serve  as  an  illustration.  There  the  stand-pipe  is 
five  feet  in  diameter  and  about  167  feet  .high.  It  is  made  of  plate 
boiler  iron  about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  thick,  and  looks  like  an  or- 
dinary engine  boiler,  except  in  length.  When  the  water  passes  the 
valve  in  the  pump  it  passes  through  the  main  pipe  close  by  the  base 
of  this  tower,  or  may  pass  under  the  tower.  An  opening  allows  the 
water  to  run  out  of  the  pipe  into  the  tower  stand-pipe.  At  the  West 
Side  works  there  are  four  of  these  main  pipes,  all  opening  into  the 
stand-pipe.  Now  comes  the  essential  part,  which  is  very  simple, 
when  understood.  The  pumps  are  started,  say  at  a  pressure  of  forty 
pounds  to  the  square  inch -of  surface.  The  water  is  forced  out  along 
the  mains,  and  through  the  opening  into  the  tower  stand-pipe.  That 
will  raise  the  water  about  two  and  one-third  feet  in  the  stand-pipe  for 
each  pound  of  pressure,  which  is  about  ninety-three  feet  for  the 
forty  pounds.  The  weight  of  the  water  in  the  pipe  represents  that 
power,  and  stands  there  as  an  elastic  spring  or  cushion,  rising  and 
falling,  equalizing  the  pressure  on  the  water  faucets  and  pipes.  If 
every  one  having  faucets  on  the  main  should  close  them,  the  water 
pumped  in  the  main  would  have  an  escape  through  this  pipe,  and  the 
result  can  be  imagined — the  pipe  wouldn't  hold  it  very  long  if  the 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OI-'  INTEREST. 


pumps  were  not  stopped.  But  there  is  an  indicator,  like  the  hands 
on  the  face  of  a  clock,  which  shows  just  how  much  water  is  being 
drawn,  or  how  much  of  the  power  is  used,  and  the  engineer  regulates 
his  pumping  accordingly.  After  the  above  explanation  it  may  be 
simply  stated  that  the  stand-pipe  in  the  water  tower  furnishes  an 
equalizer,  so  that  when  an  engine  is  running  at  a  given  rate  of  speed 
or  pressure,  the  turning  on  or  off  of  a  few  more  or  less  faucets  by 


SOL'S   CLOCK    (South  Park). 

consumers  may  not  seriously  and  too  suddenly  affect  the  pressure  and 
supply. 

POST-OFFICE. — The  limits  or  jurisdiction  of  the  postmaster  01 
the  Chicago  Post-office  covers  less  than  one-third  of  the  area  of  the 
city  proper,  the  outlying  offices  being  entirely  distinctive,  and  having 
postmasters  of  their  own.  The  central  or  general  office  is  located  in 
the  business  portion  of  the  city.  It  has  eleven  carrier  stations  and 


riCTURESQL'E  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE   TO   THE   WORLD'S  1-AIR. 


twenty  sub-postal  stations,  distributed  at  various  points  within  said 
jurisdiction.  The  force  employed  consists  of  about  769  regular  car- 
riers, 200  substitute  carriers,  842  regular  clerks,  sixty  substitute  cleiks, 
and  about  90  persons  in  charge  of  sub-stations  and  stamp  agencies, 
making  a  total  of  1701  paid  employes.  Of  this  force,  105  carriers,  57 
horses  and  52  wagons  are  employed  in  the  collection  of  the  mail  from 
the  street  letter-boxes. 


JACKSON   PARK    BRIDGE. 

UNION  STOCK  YARDS. — Located  on  South  Halsted  street,  in 
the  former  town  of  Lake,  now  within  the  corporate  limits,  about  five 
and  one-half  miles  southwest  of  the  City  Hall.  The  Union  Stock 
Yards  were  organized  and  opened  in  1865.  The  Stock  Yards  Com- 
pany at  the  present  time  own  400  acres  of  land — 320  acres  in  one 
block  and  eighty  acres  in  outlying  lots.  The  larger  tract  is  devoted 
to  the  stock  yards;  some  200 acres  being  devoted  to  yards,  etc.,  while 
the  balance  is  occupied  by  railroad  tracks  and  car  sidings.  Before 
you,  as  you  enter  the  main  archway,  is  a  town  with  twenty  miles  of 
streets,  twenty  miles  of  water-troughs,  fifty  miles  of  feeding-troughs 


84        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


and  about  seventy-five  miles  of  water  and  drainage  pipes.  Besides 
the  regular  water-works  supply  there  are  a  number  of  artesian  wells, 
having  an  average  depth  of  1230  feet.  The  plant  of  the  Union  Stock 
Yards  Company  proper  costs  about  $4,000,000.  Present  capital  about 
$23,000,000.  The  plants  of  the  various  packing  companies  cost,  it  is 
estimated,  in  the  neighborhood  of  $10,000,000.  During  the  year 
1891,  3,250,359  cattle,  205,383  calves,  8,600,805  hogs,  2,153,537 
sheep,  and  94, 396  horses  were  received  at  the  yards,  the  total  value 
of  which  was  $39,434,777-  There  were  slaughtered  2,184,095  head 
of  cattle,  157,052  calves,  5,638,291  of  hogs,  and  1,465,332  sheep. 
The  shipments  of  live  stock  from  the  yards  were  1,066,264  cattle, 
48,331  calves,  2,962,514  hogs,  688,205  sheep,  87,273  horses.  The 
Stock  Yards  to-day  are  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world.  Twenty 
great  trunk  railroads,  fed  by  hundreds  of  branches  which  stretch  like 
a  mighty  octopus  over  the  land,  deliver  and  carry  away  the  raw  and 
manufactured  articles  which  arrive  at  and  depart  from  this  spot. 
During  the  early  morning  the  Western  roads  are  busy  unloading  their 
freight  of  cattle,  hogs  and  sheep,  while  in  the  afternoon  the  Eastern 
roads  are  equally  busy  taking  delivery  and  loading  up  the  stock  that 
is  going  to  Boston,  New  York  and  countless  other  points.  At  the 
packing-houses  the  work  goes  on  all  day — one  train  following  another 
carrying  away  the  finished  product  of  the  butcher  and  packer.  The 
Stock  Yards  Company  own  all  the  railroad  tracks  (over  150  miles  in 
all),  and  do  all  the  switching  or  shunting  connected  with  the  business 
of  the  Yards.  Every  railroad  company  has  a  direct  communication 
with  the  Yards,  either  through  its  own  tracks  or  by  the  Belt  line  ;  at 
any  rate,  they  can  all  get  there  without  trouble,  and  no  delays  take 
place.  The  yards  can  accommodate,  at  their  fullest  capacity,  over 
30,000  cattle,  200,000  hogs,  30,000  sheep  and  4,000  horses,  and  while 
at  times  they  are  taxed  to  their  fullest  limit,  yet  as  a  rule  the  stock  is 
well  and  carefully  looked  after.  As  the  trains  come  rolling  in,  the 
Company  take  charge  of  the  stock  ;  and  its  location,  name  of  firm  to 
whom  consigned,  description,  etc.,  are  detailed  in  the  office  of  the 
Company. 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  85 

Some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  operations  at  the  stock-yards  may 
be  formed  from  the  following  figures  with  reference  to  the  great 
house  of  Armour  &  Co.  The  firm  did  a  business  amounting  to 
$66,000,000  during  the  year  ending  April  i,  1891.  The  hogs  killed 
by  the  house  numbered  1,714,000;  cattle,  712,000;  sheep,  413,000. 
Armour  &  Co.'s  employes  numbered  during  this  period  7,900,  and 
the  aggregate  wages  paid  was  $3,800,000.  The  firm  had  2,250 
refrigerator  cars.  The  total  area  covered  by  the  buildings  of  the  firm 
was  fifty  acres  ;  total  floor  area  of  buildings,  140  acres  ;  chill  room  and 


SCENK    IX    LINCOLN    TARK. 

cold  storage  area,  forty  acres;  storage  capacity  of  buildings,  130,000 
tons.  The  Armour  Glue  Works  made  7,000,000  pounds  of  glue 
within  the  same  period,  9,500  tons  of  fertilizers,  grease,  etc.  The 
ground  covered  by  the  buildings  of  this  department  cover  fifteen 
acres,  and  the  number  of  employes  is  600. 

GRAIN  ELEVATORS. — The  visitor  to  Chicago  will  be  sur- 
prised and  interested  by  a  visit  to  some  of  the  great  grain  elevators  of 
the  city.  The  greatest  elevators  in  the  world  are  to  be  found  here, 
and  they  are  more  numerous  than  in  any  other  city  on  earth.  A  few 
figures  in  relation  to  one  of  them  will  serve  as  a  description  for  all. 


CHICAGO  A.\D  GUIDE   TO   THE   WORLD'S  PAIR. 


A  grain  elevator  of  the  first  class  costs  about  $500,000;  12,000,000 
feet  of  lumber  is  consumed  in  its  construction ;  the  outside  brick 
wall  is  sixteen  inches  thick ;  a  fire  wall,  two  feet  thick,  usually 
divides  the  building  in  the  middle;  the  height  is  about  155 
feet;  length,  155  feet;  as  a  protection  against  fire  iron  ladders 
run  this  entire  height  and  on  all  floors  there  are  electric  push 
buttons  communicating  with  annunciators  in  engine  room,  and 
in  the  latter  department  there  is  also  a  fire  pump  with  a  capacity 
equaling  that  of  four  steam  fire  engines.  Two  hundred  bar- 


SCEXE   IN   GARFIELD   PARK. 

rels  of  water,  each  accompanied  by  a  couple  of  iron  pails,  are  scat- 
tered about  over  different  floors,  and  twenty-two  chemical  fire  extin- 
guishers are  placed  at  convenient  stations  throughout  the  structure; 
forty-five  fire  plugs,  to  each  of  which  is  attached  1,000  feet  of  two 
and  one-half-inch  rubber  hose,  together  with  fourteen  fire  alarm 
boxes,  about  complete  the  precautionary  measures  for  combating  the 
devouring  element ;  the  superintendent  and  chief  engineer  are  loca- 
ted at  opposite  extremities  of  the  bulky  framework,  the  one  in  a 
separate  brick  office  building,  with  an  electric  instrument  within 


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8,        riCTLRESC^L'E  CHICAGO  AND  GLIDE    1O    'HIE    H'OKiD  S  J-AJK. 


reach,  by  which  he  is  enabled  to  converse  with  the  heads  of  depart- 
ments, and  the  other  in  a  large  two-story,  fire-proof  brick  building, 
where  he  takes  pleasure  in  showing  visitors  a  little  bottle  of  river 
water  after  it  had  been  transmogrified  in  passing  through  the  granite 
filter.  Once  every  week  a  fire  drill  is  ordered,  the  time  of  turning 
in  an  alarm  for  which  is  known  only  to  the  watchman  in  charge. 
When  the  alarm  is  sounded  every  man  takes  his  place,  but  no  water 
is  thrown.  These  drills  demonstrate  that  the  structure  may  be  del- 
uged with  water  in  exactly  seven  seconds.  It  requires  100  employes 


.. 


INDIAN   MONUMENT   (Lincoln   Park). 

to  run  a  grain  elevator;  to  move  the  ponderous  machinery  a  1,000 
horse-power  compound  Corliss  engine  is  required,  making  fifty-six 
revolutions  per  minute  without  varying  one  revolution  in  a  day's 
run.  This  is  one  of  the  most  elaborately  finished  pieces  of  mechan- 
ism in  existence,  and  was  constructed  at  a  cost  of  $50,000.  The 
diameter  of  the  drive-wheel  is  twenty  feet,  and  that  of  the  shaft 
eighteen  inches.  Crank  pins  fourteen  inches  in  diameter  and  four- 
teen-inch  steel  pins  are  provided,  the  momentum  of  which  adds 
impetus  to  the  work  of  the  engine.  The  main  belt  is  of  rubber,  200 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


89 


feet  in  length  and  five  feet  in  width.  It  is  the  largest  bit  of  rubber 
ever  manufactured  from  any  material  by  any  firm  for  any  purpose, 
requiring  special  machinery  in  its  construction.  The  chimney  of  the 
elevator  has  a  14-foot  base  and  an  altitude  of  154  feet. 

WASHINGTON  PARK  CLUB. — Situated  at  South  Park  avenue 
and  Sixty-first  street.  Take  Cottage  Grove  avenue  cable  line.  Or- 
ganized 1883.  Occupies  an  unpretentious  though  commodious  club 


WASHINGTON   PARK    FOUNTAIN. 

house,  within  easy  access  of  the  Washington  club  racing  park,  south 
of  Washington  park.  It  is  a  combination  of  the  higher  class  of 
sporting,  country  and  city  clubs,  members  of  nearly  all  the  other 
leading  clubs  being  connected  with  it.  The  club  house  is  more  in 
the  nature  of  a  rendezvous  than  a  resort,  and  is  handsomely  fitted  up 
for  the  comfort  of  the  members  and  the  ladies  of  members'  families. 
The  racing  meetings  of  the  Club  are  of  national  celebrity. 


90        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AMD  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

• 

ARMOUR  MISSION.— Located  at  Butterfield  and  Thirty-third 
streets.  Take  State  street  cable  line.  Directors — Philip  D.  Armour, 
J.  O.  Armour,  William  J.  Campbell,  John  C.  Black,  P.  D.  Armour, 
Jr.,  Edwin  Barritt  Smith;  Rev.  Howard  H.  Russell,  pastor;  estab- 
lished in  November,  1886.  This  magnificent  charity  owes  its  origin 
to  a  provision  in  the  will  of  the  late  Joseph  F.  Armour,  bequeathing 
$100,000  for  the  founding  of  such  an  institution.  He  directed  that 
the  carrying  out  of  his  benevolent  design  should  be  chiefly  intrusted 
to  his  brother,  Mr.  Philip  D.  Armour,  who,  accepting  the  trust  so 
imposed,  has  given  to  it  the  same  energetic  and  critical  attention  that 
he  has  given  to  his  private  affairs.  He  has  greatly  enlarged  upon  the 
original  design  and  in  consequence  has  added  enough  from  his  own 
resources  to  his  brother's  bequest  of  $100,000  to  make  the  present  in- 
vestment about  $1,000,000.  Armour  Mission  is  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  Illinois.  In  addition  to  the  Mission  building  proper,  the 
Armour  Mission  corporation  owns  the  Armour  Mission  Flats,  consist- 
ing of  194  separate  flats.  The  entire  revenue  derived  from  the  rental 
of  these  flats  is  used  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Mission  and  its  de- 
partments. The  corporation  also  owns  adjoining  ground  upon  which 
Mr.  Armour  has  recently  erected  a  manual  training  school,  not  yet 
ready  for  occupancy.  The  Mission  is  a  broad  and  wholly  non-secta- 
rian institution.  It  is  free  and  open  to  all,  to  the  full  extent  of  its 
capacity,  without  any  condition  as  to  race,  creed  or  otherwise. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO.— The  newest  thing  in  the  city  is 
the  new  University  of  Chicago.  The  old  institution  of  that  name, 
after  a  struggle  for  existence  for  nearly  thirty  years,  succumbed  to 
financial  difficulties  in  1886,  and  suspended  its  educational  work.  So 
profound,  however,  was  the  conviction  that  Chicago  was  the  ideal  lo- 
cation for  a  great  institution  of  learning,  that  efforts  began  to  be 
made  almost  immediately  looking  to  the  establishment  of  a  new  uni-. 
versity.  It  was  soon  found  that  John  D.  Rockefeller  was  interested 
in  the  project.  In  1888  the  Baptists  of  the  United  States  organized 
the  American  Baptist  Educational  Society,  and  elected  Fred.  T.  Gates 
its  corresponding  secretary.  Mr.  Gates  soon  became  persuaded  that 


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92        r/CTCK£SQL'K  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


the  first  great  work  for  the  new  society  to  undertake  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  new  university  in  Chicago.  He  and  Mr.  Rockefeller 
entered  into  correspondence,  and  to  their  conferences  with  each  other 
Chicago  owes  its  university.  In  May,  1889,  the  Education  Society 
resolved  to  undertake  the  raising  of  $1,000,000  to  found  a  well- 
equipped  college  in  this  city.  Mr.  Rockefeller  at  once  made  a  sub- 


OAKWOOD  DRIVE. 

scription  of  $600,000,  conditioned  on  the  subscription  being  increased 
to  a  full  $1,000,000  within  one  year.  T.  W.  Goodspeed  was  associ- 
ated with  Mr.  Gates  in  the  effort  to  raise  the  $400,000  required  by 
this  condition.  Not  only  was  this  done  within  the  time  specified,  but 
$150,000  more  than  was  required  was  secured. 

Marshall  Field  gave  a  site  of  a  block  and  a  half  valued  at  $125,- 
ooo,  but  now  worth  much  more  than  that  sum.  To  this  ,gi ft  from 
Mr.  Field  there  has  since  been  added  two  and  a  half  blocks,  making 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


93 


the  present  site  four  blocks.  The  intersecting  streets  have  been  va- 
cated by  the  city  council  so  that  the  site  consists  of  a  solid  block  802 
by  1,261  feet,  or  nearly  twenty-four  acres. 

CHICAGO  LIGHT. — Chicago  light  is  located  on  the  inner  pier, 
north  side  of  Chicago  river ;  was  established  in  1859 ;  is  a  third  order 
fixed  white  light,  in  a  black  skeleton  iron  tower  ;  visible  sixteen 
miles.  This  is  the  principal  one  of  seven  lights  maintained  by  the 
government  as  aids  to  navigation  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago 


DREXEL,   MONUMENT   (Drexel  Boulevard), 

river.  The  harbor  here  is  the  most  important  on  the  lakes,  with  a 
greater  average  number  of  dai'ly  arrivals  and  departures  during  the 
season  of  navigation  than  any  other  in  the  United  States.  This  city 
is  in  the  ninth  light-house  district,  with  Commander  Charles  E. 
Clark,  United  States  Navy,  as  inspector,  and  Major  William  Ludlow, 
of  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  as  engineer.  The 
eleventh  district  formerly  embraced  the  three  great  lakes — Michigan, 
Huron,  and  up  to  the  national  line  of  Superior.  The  ninth  is  a  divi- 
sion of  the  eleventh  district.  It  includes  all  aids  to  navigation  on 


94        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WOXLD'S  FAIR. 

Lake  Michigan,  Green  Bay  and  tributary  waters  lying  west  of  a  line 
drawn  across  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  at  the  narrowest  part  east  of 
McGulpin's  Point  light  station.  Since  the  boundary  of  the  district 
was  established  a  fog  signal  has  been  placed  at  Old  Mackinac  Point, 
in  the  Straits,  which  is  also  included  in  the  ninth  district. 

CRIB  AND  BREAKWATER  LIGHTS. — There  are  two  lights 
on  the  old  breakwater,  both  established  in  1876  ;  one  of  these,  the 
south  light,  is  a  fifth  order  light,  and  the  north  is  a  lens  lantern.  At 
the  new  breakwater  there  are  three  lights,  tubular  lanterns,  tended 
by  two  laborers.  The  light  on  the  old  north  pier  is  a  sixth  order 
light,  and  has  a  fog  bell  struck  by  machinery.  Calumet  light,  at 
South  Chicago,  is  on  the  outer  end  of  the  pier  north  of  Calumet 
river,  eleven  miles  southeast  of  Chicago  breakwater.  It  is  a  fourth 
order  light,  red,  thirty-three  feet  above  lake  level,  and  is  visible 
about  twelve  miles.  It  was  established  in  1873.  Formerly  it  was  in  a 
tower  rising  above  a  structure  on  shore,  but  was  in  1876  removed  to 
its  present  quarters,  which  is  fully  a  mile  out  on  the  pier.  A  beacon 
light  is  established  at  the  old  Crib.  This  light-house  is  provided  and 
maintained  by  the  city  of  Chicago. 

GROSSE  POINT  LIGHT — The  best  light  and  light-house  near 
Chicago  is  that  at  Grosse  Point,  just  north  of  Evanston.  It  was  es- 
tablished in  1873,  and  as  it  now  stands  complete  has  probably  cost 
the  Government  more  than  $100,000,  in  addition  to  the  expense  of 
maintenance.  Grosse  Point  light  is  a  second  order,  fixed  white  coast 
light,  varied  by  a  red  flash  every  three  minutes,  the  regularity  of  the 
flashes  being  controlled  by  clock-work.  The  "lantern"  is  a  pris- 
matic lens,  equaling  in  power  163  candles,  and  this  feature  of  the 
outfit  alone  cost  $15,000.  The  tower,  from  the  water's  level  to  the 
centre  of  the  lens,  is  120  feet,  being  built  of  brick  and  having  ninety- 
nine  piles  placed  beneath  the  stone  foundation. 

THE  PUBLIC  LIBRARY. — The  Public  Library  occupies  the 
entire  fourth  floor  of  the  City  Hall  (excepting  council  chamber). 
Was  founded  in  1872.  The  library  contained  on  January  ist,  1892, 
171,709  volumes,  and  the  collection  is  increasing  by  purchase  and 


9'>        PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  Ai\TD  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

donation  at  the  rate  of  somewhat  over  10,000  volumes  annually.  Its 
literary  treasures,  many  of  which  can  not  be  duplicated  at  any  cost, 
are  at  the  lowest  estimate  valued  at  $275,000.  With  an  annual  cir- 
culation and  consultation  of  over  1,500,000  volumes,  it  leads  the  cir- 
culation of  the  free  public  libraries  of  the  country.  At  the  Paris  Ex- 
position of  1889  it  received  the  distinguished  honor  of  an  award  of  a 
gold  medal,  on  an  exhibit  consisting  of  the  annual  report,  finding 
lists  and  a  volume  showing  in  detail  the  administration  of  the  library 
in  every  department.  A  reading-room  is  maintained,  which  last 
year  was  patronized  by  500,000  visitors,  450,000  periodicals  being 
given  out  across  the  counter.  There  are  also  reference  departments, 
including  general,  patent  and  medical,  which  are  consulted  by  thou- 
sands of  people  in  search  of  special  knowledge,  annually. 

HOTELS. — There  are  at  present  between  fourteen  and  fifteen  hun- 
dred hotels  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  including  small  and  large,  and  houses 
of  all  grades,  but  excluding  lodging  houses,  boarding  houses  and 
distinctively  family  hotels,  where  no  transients  are  received.  The 
united  capacity  of  these  hotels  is  estimated  at  175,000.  It  is  believed 
that  they  could,  if  pressed,  accommodate  100,000  additional  guests. 
But  this  will  not  be  necessary.  Numerous  immense  hotels  are  either 
projected  or  being  constructed  at  the  present  time.  The  spring  of  1893 
will  find  Chicago  ready  with  ample  hotel  accommodations  for  500,- 
ooo  guests.  Neither  the  boarding  houses,  nor  houses  where  furnished 
rooms  may  be  rented,  nor  lodging  houses,  are  considered  here. 
Outside  of  the  hotels  there  are  eating  houses  or  restaurants  and  cafes, 
with  an  estimated  feeding  capacity  at  the  present  time  of  25,000  per- 
sons daily. 

CHICAGO  ATHENAEUM.— In  the  summer  of  1890  this  honored 
institution,  which  has  justly  been  called  "The  People's  College," 
entered  upon  the  most  promising  period  of  its  history,  at  the  opening 
of  its  twentieth  year.  At  that  time  the  Board  of  Directors,  composed 
of  some  of  the  best  known  and  most  influential  citizens,  with  Ferd. 
W.  Peck,  Esq.,  as  president,  secured  a  valuable  property  91  X97  feet 
at  18  to  26  Van  Buren  street,  one  of  the  choicest  locations  in  the  city, 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


97 


which  has  been  enlarged  to  a  seven-story  building  and  fitted  up  in  the 
most  attractive  style,  with  all  desirable  conveniences.  The  property 
was  purchased  for  $200,  ooo,  besides  which  $90,000  have  been  ex- 
pended in  the  improvements.  Situated  in  the  very  heart  of  the  city, 
close  to  the  Art  Institute,  and  in  the  same  grand  square  on  which  the 
Auditorium  stands,  it  is  destined  to  become  a  recognized  educational 
center,  and  one  of  Chicago's  most  beneficent  institutions.  The  Athe- 


JACKSON   PARK    PAVILION. 

nseum  entered  its  new  home  in  March,  1891.  From  the  date  of  its 
organization  in  October,  1871,  its  animating  spirit  has  been  philan- 
thropic. Though  a  private  corporation,  it  has  always  maintained  the 
Athenaeum  solely  for  the  public  good,  having  been  chartered  as  an 
institution  not  for  pecuniary  profit.  The  benefits  that  it  has  bestowed 
upon  this  city  cannot  be  over-estimated.  Open  daily  throughout  the 
year,  and  five  evenings  a  week  for  nine  months  of  the  year,  with  an 
7 


•93 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


able  corps  of  twenty-nine  teachers  and  a  large  list  of  studies — all  elec- 
tive— young  men  and  women  may  enter  at  any  time,  without  exam- 
ination, and  receive  the  desired  instruction  at  moderate  cost. 

COOK  COUNTY  HOSPITAL. — Situated  between  Wood,  Harri- 
son, Lincoln  and  Polk  streets,  West  Side.  Take  Ogden  Avenue, 
Taylor  street,  or  Van  Buren  street  car.  One  of  the  largest  public 
hospitals  in  the  world.  It  is  conducted  under  the  management  of  a 


WORLD'S  FAIR  GLOBE. 


Warden,  appointed  by  the  County  Commissioners.  The  visitors  will 
be  much  interested  by  a  walk  through  the  spacious  wards  and  corri- 
•dors  of  this  immense  institution.  The  Cook  County  Hospital  was 
established  in  1865,  though  it  did  not  begin  its  work  until  January, 
1866.  Previous  to  that  time  the  city  had  been  accustomed  to  board 
its  sick  at  Mercy  Hospital.  But  in  January,  1866,  it  fitted  up  two 
wards  in  the  old  City  Hospital,  at  the  corner  of  Eighteenth  and 


W 
CO 


w 

H 


100      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

Arnold  streets,  and  moved  to  them  twelve  patients  from  Mercy  Hos- 
pital. These  wards  were  soon  filled  and  additions  to  the  building  were 
erected.  But  very  soon  these  also  were  overcrowded,  and  in  1876  the 
institution  was  removed  to  its  present  location,  at  the  corner  of  West 
Harrison  and  Wood  streets.  The  new  buildings,  which  were  not  all 
erected  at  the  same  time,  consist  now  of  a  long  administration  build- 
ing of  imposing  appearance,  and  a  pavilion  of  four  wards,  and  a  wing 
of  three  wards  on  each  side  of  it,  with  generous  spaces  between  all 
these  buildings,  conducing  greatly  not  only  to  their  appearance,  but 
to  the  light,  ventilation  and  comfort  of  the  wards.  They  are  situated 
on  a  lot  containing  twelve  acres  of  ground.  During  the  six  months 
ending  January  i,  1889,  there  were  received  and  treated  3,255 
cases,  and  during  the  six  months  ending  July  i,  1889,  3,903  cases, 
showing  an  increase  of  648.  As  there  were  435  patients  present  on 
January  i,  1889,  and  488  on  July  i,  1889,  the  number  in  the  hospital 
during  the  two  periods  respectively  was  3,690  and  4,391.  So  that,  as 
large  as  the  institution  is,  it  is  only  a  matter  of  time  when  its  vast 
accommodations  will  have  to  be  increased  to  keep  pace  with  the 
growing  wants  of  the  city. 

FIRST  REGIMENT  I.  N.  G.— Organized  in  August,  1874.  At 
the  first  meeting  held  in  behalf  of  the  undertaking  forty-eight  men 
enrolled  themselves.  In  January,  1875,  having  grown  into  seven 
companies,  the  regiment  took  quarters  on  Lake  street,  adopted  its 
uniform — the  same  it  wears  to-day — and  received  its  equipment  of 
arms  from  Springfield.  In  February  of  that  year  the  regiment  was 
assembled  and  bivouacked  in  the  armory  during  the  Relief  and  Aid 
Society  riotous  demonstration.  On  May  i3th  it  made  its  first  public 
appearance  with  520  men  in  line.  Since  that  day  its  popularity  has 
never  waned.  In  1877,  during  the  railroad  riots,  the  regiment  twice 
dispersed  mobs  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  without  firing  a  shot. 
In  1878  the  First  removed  to  its  armory  on  Jackson  street.  During 
the  riots  of  November,  1886,  at  the  Union  Stock  Yards  and  other 
points  in  the  city,  the  regiment  was  called  into  service  to  quell  dis- 
order. Since  then  its  history  has  been  one  of  peace  and  continued 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AXD  POINTS  Ofi  INTEREST. 


101 


prosperity.  The  enrollment  at  present  is  650  men.  Upon  the  rolls 
of  the  regiment  is  no  small  number  of  names  which  have  won 
renown  on  bloody  fields. 

PRAIRIE  AVENUE. — Prairie  avenue  is  the  avenue  of  avenues 
in  Chicago.  There  are  people,  and  very  nice  people,  and  very 
wealthy  people,  and  I  might  add  very  exclusive  people,  living  on 
other  avenues,  but  on  no  avenue  in  the  city  are  there  to  be  found 


SCENE    IN   LINCOLN    PARK. 


the  homes  of  as  many  people  whose  names  are  so  closely  allied  to  the 
enterprise,  the  progress  and  the  culture  of  Chicago.  The  Sweenie 
residence  is  on  our  left  as  we  move  south,  and  we  pass  the  homes  of 
Josiah  H.  Boyer,  Joseph  L.  McBirney,  Walter  H.  Wilson  and  John 
H.  Hamline,  on  the  same  side  of  the  avenue.  On  the  other  side  are 
the  handsome  residences  of  John  G.  Shortall,  Henry  L,.  Frank  and 
of  P.  E.  Studebaker,  the  wagon  and  carriage  manufacturer.  Next 


102 


CHURCH    OF    THE    MESSIAH. 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


103 


door  to  him  lives  William  R.  Sterling.  A  little  further  down  is 
Mr.  Granger  Farwell's  place,  and  opposite  is  the  home  of  the  great 
coal  merchant,  Robert  A.  L,aw.  South  of  Mr.  Farwell's  are  the 
homes  of  Hugh  J.  McBirney  and  Isaac  M.  Linville,  and  the  residence 
of  George  M.  Pullman  is  a  noble  mansion,  but  far  from  being  the 
home  which  you  supposed  Pullman  lived  in.  Mr.  Marshall  Field's 
is  an  elegant,  but  unostentatious  mansion.  L,ike  the  homes  of  the 


SOL'S    CLOCK    (Lincoln   Park). 

neighboring  millionaires,  there  is  nothing  about  P.  D.  Armour's 
residence  suggestive  of  the  great  wealth  of  its  owner.  It  is  a  hand- 
some dwelling  as  to  exterior ;  as  to  interior,  it  is  fitted  up  with  a 
regard  to  comfort  principally,  but  at  the  same  time  an  air  of  genteel 
refinement  and  elegant  luxury  pervades  every  part  of  it.  From  this 
point  south  we  pass,  on  either  side  of  the  avenue,  the  homes  of  many 
of  the  leading  people  of  Chicago.  As  a  rule  the  dwellings  are  mod- 


104      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  A\D  GUIDE  TO  7 HE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


est.  The  new  fads  in  architecture,  or  what  Joe  Gargery  might  have 
called  architectitooralooralism,  have  not  found  their  way  into  favor 
along  here  to  any  great  extent  as  yet.  The  street  is  as  quiet  as  a 
country  lane.  Even  the  banana  man's  voice  is  hushed.  No  noise 
breaks  the  dignified  stillness  of  Prairie  avenue,  save  the  occasional 
whirr  of  an  Illinois  Central  suburban  train  as  it  flies  by  the  back 
yards  of  the  buildings  on  the  east  side.  Although  close  to  the  busi- 
ness center,  the  numerous  annoyances  of  city  life  are  practically  left 
behind  by  the  busy  men  who  make  their  homes  here  when  they 
enter  its  secluded  and  sedate  precincts. 

FARWELL  HALL. — A  celebrated  assembly  room,  and  the 
Younof  Men's  Christian  Association.  Farwell  Hall  in  its  time  has 

o 

held  many  notable  gatherings.  It  was  here  that  P.  P.  Bliss,  the 
composer  of  sacred  music  and  sweet  singer,  delighted  vast  audiences 
day  after  day  for  months  during  the  great  Moody  &  Sankey  revival 
period.  Yes,  he's  dead.  Went  down  with  his  wife  and  a  score  of 
others  in  the  horrible  Ashtabula  railway  accident.  Here  Moody  and 
Sankey  have  held  forth  frequently,  and  here  also,  Francis  Murphy 
has  preached  gospel  temperance  to  multitudes.  Others  equally  well- 
known  have  been  heard  from  the  platform,  among  them  no  less  a 
personage  than  George  Francis  Train.  It  was  in  Farwell  Hall  that 
the  bolt  occurred  among  Republicans  which  resulted  in  the  defeat 
of  Grant  and  the  nomination  of  Garfield  in  1880.  The  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  uses  this  hall  frequently  for  large 
gatherings,  noonday  prayer  meetings,  etc.  Passing  over  La  Salle 
street  we  come  upon  the  fronts  of  two  blocks  of  buildings  which 
will  probably  be  transformed  during  the  next  three  years.  This 
part  of  Madison  street  is  not  up  with  the  times.  Restaurants, 
billiard  halls,  saloons,  second-hand  book  stores,  news-stands,  etc., 
monopolize  it. 

McCORMICK  HARVESTING  MACHINE  COMPANY.— Cyrus 
H.  McCormick,  president ;  Eldridge  M.  Fowler,  vice-president ;  E. 
K.  Butler,  general  manager.  Offices,  corner  Wabash  avenue  and 
Congress  street ;  works  four  miles  southwest,  on  the  south  branch  of 


o 

cc 


105 


Iu6      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


the  Chicago  river,  at  the  corner  of  Blue  Island  avenue,  accessible 
from  the  business  center  of  the  city,  via  Blue  Island  avenue  street-car 

line. 

This  immense  establishment  is  of  such  magnitude  in  itself,  and 
of  such  world-wide  scope  in  its  influences,  as  to  make  it  the  paragon 
of  the  nineteenth  century  business  enterprise. 


SOUTH   PARK    FLAG. 


NEWSPAPERS. — There  are  published  in  Chicago  24  dailies, 
260  weeklies,  36  semi-monthlies,  5  bi-monthlies,  and  14  quarterlies, 
making  a  total  of  531  daily  and  periodical  newspapers.  The  fact  was 
disclosed  in  the  last  report  of  the  postmaster  general  that  the  quan- 
tity of  newspapers  mailed  by  the  publishers  at  the  Chicago  post-office 
equalled  the  amount  mailed  at  Boston,  Cincinnati,  New  Orleans, 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


107 


Buffalo  and  Baltimore  combined,  or  at  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  San 
Francisco,  New  Orleans  arid  Baltimore  combined,  and  also  at  Phila- 
delphia, New  Orleans,  Baltimore  and  Cincinnati  combined,  or  in  the 
entire  thirteen  Southern  States,  with  St.  Louis  combined,  amount- 
ing to  20,000,000  pounds  of  serial  matter.  The  newspapers  of 
Chicago  have  contributed  wonderfully  to  the  growth,  to  the  prosper- 


GA.TES   AJAR    ( Washington  Park). 

ity  and  to  the  fame  of  the  city.  To  her  great  dailies  is  Chicago  par- 
ticularly indebted  for  the  intelligent  and  wide-spread  publicity  they 
have  given  her  at  home  and  abroad. 

TRIBUXE. — Location  of  publication  office,  southeast  corner  of 
Madison  and  Dearborn  Sts.  The  Chicago  Tribune  Company,  pro- 
prietors. Joseph  Medill,  editor-in-chief.  The  Chicago  Tribune  is  a 
daily  newspaper,  with  every  equipment  necessary  to  the  successful 


loS 


DHARBORX  STRKKT  DEPOT. 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  109 

conduct  of  a  great  journal.  It  has  the  advantages  of  age  and  experi- 
ence, and  the  means  to  present  to  the  public  the  fullest  and  most 
reliable  information  of  events  transpiring  in  the  world.  Its  building, 
erected  after  the  great  fire  of  1871,  on  the  site  of  the  former  structure, 
was  planned  and  completed  for  the  home  of  a  great  newspaper. 
There  is  no  facility  lacking.  Its  presses,  manufactured  to  order,  com- 
bine the  very  latest  improvements,  and  have  the  speed  necessary  to 
supply  any  demand  that  may  arise.  In  every  department  where 
mechanics  are  important,  the  Tribune  is  unsurpassed.  In  its  arrange- 
ments for  the  collection  of  news  the  Chicago  Tribune  acknowledges 
no  superior  in  its  profession.  Its  correspondents,  many  of  whom  have 
a  national  reputation  for  their  intimate  knowledge  of,  and  prominence 
in,  political  and  social  affairs,  are  under  instruction  to  deliver  to  the 
Tribune,  up  to  the  latest  hour  in  every  morning  of  the  year,  impar- 
tial and  full  reports  of  every  event,  regardless  of  expense.  Its  finan- 
cial reports  are  relied  upon  by  bankers,  capitalists  and  operators  ;  its 
record  of  occurrences  at  home  makes  it  a  family  daily  ;  its  political 
and  literary  features  are  among  the  ablest  and  most  discriminating  in 
the  country. 

COLUMBIAN  ASSOCIATION. — Principal  object  the  improve- 
ment of  the  home  through  the  enlightenment  of  housekeeping  as  to 
scientific  sanitation,  relative  value  of  various  foods,  and  the  most 
hygienic  and  economical  method  yet  discovered  of  preparing  them. 
There  has  been  some  concern  lest  women  should,  as  their  horizon 
widened,  rush  as  a  mighty,  one-minded  multitude  out  from  their 
homes  and  leave  the  hearthside  deserted.  The  widespread  and  enthu- 
siastic interest  which  has  been  awakened  by  the  proposition  of  the 
founders  of  this  association  to  afford  housekeepers  reliable  scientific 
information  which  will  enable  them  to  conduct  their  households  more 
successfully  shows  that  women  first  of  all  are  anxious  to  improve 
their  homes  and  that  with  all  their  gettings  they  greatly  desire  to  get 
the  understanding  which  will  enable  them  to  do  so. 

The  association  numbers  about  one  hundred  members  and  is 
really  the  outgrowth  of  the  committee  on  household  economics  of 


110      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO   THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 

the  world's  congress  auxiliary,  of  which  Mrs.  John  Wilkinson  is 
chairman  and  Mrs.  Thomas  F.  Gane  vice-chairman.  The  members 
of  the  committee  on  household  economics  are  elected  by  the  general 
committee  of  the  world's  congress  auxiliary  and  its  meetings  are  open 
only  to  its  members.  The  meetings  of  the  Columbian  Housekeepers' 
Association  are  open  to  any  one  interested  in  their  work. 


SOUTH   PARK   LAKE. 

GERMAN*  SOCIETY  OF  CHICAGO. — The  German  Society  of 
Chicago  (Deutsche  Gesellschaft  von  Chicago,  111.)  was  established  in 
the  month  of  May,  1854,  under  the  name  of  Society  for  the  Protec- 
tion and  aid  of  German  Immigrants  (Huelfs-Verein  fuer  Deutsche 
Einwanderer),  and  owed  its  origin  to  the  fact  that  both  the  vast 
increase  and  the  growing  importance  of  German  immigration  to  this 
country  called  for  some  means  of  protection  to  those  immigrants  who 


Ill 


lll>      riCTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  CL'IDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


were  ignorant  of  our  language  and  the  peculiar  conditions  of  this 
country,  and  who,  on  that  account,  might  easily  be  taken  advantage 
of  by  the  dishonest  and  unscrupulous  in  our  community. 

OGONTZ  ASSOCIATION. — Founded  by  the  Chicago  Alumnse 
of  the  Ogontz  School  in  1891,  who  conceived  the  idea,  in  the  name  of 
their  alma  mater,  of  a  lunch  room  for  self-supporting  women.  The 
following  plan  was  adopted:  each  active  member  subscribed  $10  in 
annual  dues,  and  each  associate  member  subscribed  $15,  while  many 
added  their  gifts  of  furniture,  table  furnishings  and  books.  In  addi- 
tion friends  and  well-wishers  added  greatly  to  their  contributions  by 
placing  their  names  upon  the  guarantee  fund.  In  February,  1891,  all 
arrangements  were  finally  completed.  Two  sunny  rooms  were 
selected  on  the  thirteenth  floor  of  the  new  Pontiac  building,  which 
stands  in  the  midst  of  the  printing  district,  on  the  corner  of  Dear- 
born and  Harrison  Streets.  One  room  was  tastefully  fitted  for  a 
reading  and  reception  room,  and  provided  with  an  excellent  assort- 
ment of  books,  magazines  and  games  ;  also  tables,  comfortable  chairs 
and  a  piano.  Over  this  room  three  or  more  members  of  the  Ogontz 
Association  preside  daily  ;  one  to  attend  to  the  books,  which  may  be 
taken  from  the  library  if  returned  within  two  weeks,  and  one  to  act 
as  cashier.  Others  play,  sing,  or  assist  in  making  the  lunch  hour 
pleasant,  and  become  acquainted  with  the  members  of  the  Lunch 
Club. 

A  monthly  payment  of  ten  cents  entitles  any  wage-earning  girl 
or  woman  to  full  membership,  and  enables  her  to  obtain  a  wholesome 
lunch  at  small  expense.  Tea,  coffee  or  milk  is  sold  for  two  cents,  home- 
made sandwiches  or  rolls  or  cake  for  five  cents.  During  the  summer 
ice  cream  and  iced  tea  are  served,  and  through  the  winter  hot  bouillon 
is  furnished. 

The  light  and  pleasant  lunch-room,  which  opens  from  the  read- 
ing room,  is  well  supplied  with  neat  tables  and  chairs,  muslin  cur- 
tains and  a  cupboard  for  china.  At  one  end  stands  the  lunch-counter, 
behind  which  gleam  tea  and  coffee  urns.  Here  each  member  re- 
ceives from  the  matron,  assisted  by  one  of  the  members  of  the  Ogontz 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  113 

Association,  her  order,  accompanied  by  a  check,  and  is  at  liberty  to 
seat  herself  at  any  table.  Many  prefer  to  bring  their  own  luncheon, 
and  desire  only  a  cup  of  tea  or  coffee. 

BAPTIST  MISSIONARY  TRAINING  SCHOOL.— Located  at 
2411  Indiana  Ave.  The  first  school  established  in  this  country  de- 
voted to  the  training  of  young  women  for  missionary  work  is  the  one 
located  in  Chicago,  conducted  by  the  Women's  Baptist  Home  Mission 
Society.  The  society  itself  is  exceptional  in  being  the  first  organ- 
ization of  the  kind  composed  wholly  of  women,  and  was  the  result 
of  a  pressing  demand  from  all  parts  of  the  country  for  missionary 
work,  which  only  women  could  do,  among  women  and  children. 
Thirteen  years  ago  so  urgently  was  this  need  set  forth  by  Miss  Joanna 
P.  Moore,  who  had  been  a  nurse  during  the  war,  and  remained  in 
New  Orleans  on  her  own  responsibility  to  work  among  the  colored 
people  ;  also  by  Mrs.  C.  R.  Blackall,  who  had  spent  some  time  in  the 
Indian  Territory,  and  who  declared  that  the  need  there  was  epito- 
mized by  an  Indian  woman,  who  said  to  her,  u  We  want  to  live  like 
Christian  women,  but  we  don't  know  how :  "  and  others,  who  saw  in 
different  parts  of  the  country  the  necessity  of  work  among  the  women 
and  children  of  the  foreigners,  who  were  then,  as  now,  pouring  into 
this  country  at  the  rate  of  seven  and  eight  hundred  thousand  per 
annum,  that  the  ladies  of  the  several  Baptist  churches  in  the  city 
decided  to  organize  a  society  for  this  work.  The  representatives 
of  the  different  churches  throughout  the  country,  excepting  those 
from  Boston,  were  in  favor  of  making  Chicago  the  headquarters  of 
the  organization,  not  only  because  it  had  its  inception  here,  but  be- 
cause of  the  central  location.  The  New  England  women,  however, 
decided  to  organize  a  separate  society.  The  society  organized  here 
now  has  between  thirty  and  forty  thousand  regular  members,  and  was 
last  year  in  receipt,  from  all  sources,  of  between  $60,000  and  $70,000. 

WATER  TRANSPORTATION. — A  large  number  of  steamers 
ply  between  this  city  and  points  on  all  of  the  lakes,  and  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  river  during  the  summer  season.  These  in  many  instances 
carry  passengers. 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


115 


Although  Chicago  is  termed  an  inland  city,  because  it  is  nearly 
a  thousand  miles  from  the  ocean,  it  possesses  vast  marine  interest 
through  its  location  on  Lake  Michigan,  one  of  the  chain  of  great 
lakes  stretching  along  our  northern  frontier.  The  magnitude  of  the 
lake  traffic  is  shown  by  the  statistics  collected  by  the  government. 
A  limited  means  of  water  communication  in  a  southern  direction  is 
enjoyed  in  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal,  extending  from  Chicago 


FLORAL   DESIGN"   IN   SOUTH    PARK. 

to  the  Illinois  river,  navigable  for  light  craft  thence  to  the  Mississippi 
river.  The  freight  transported  over  this  route  in  1889  aggregated 
917,047  tons.  An  ambitious  scheme  in  this  direction,  which  has 
been  undertaken  by  the  city  of  Chicago,  contemplates  the  construc- 
tion of  a  grand  water-way  not  less  than  160  feet  wide  and  not  less 
than  eighteen  feet  deep  from  Lake  Michigan  to  Lockport,  111.,  for  the 
improvement  of  low-water  navigation  of  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi 


116      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

rivers  as  well  as  to  afford  sanitary  relief  to 'Chicago.  It  is  expected 
that  the  United  States  government  will  co-operate  in  making  the 
connecting  rivers  navigable  for  large  vessels,  so  that  the  lake  and  the 
Mississippi  river  traffic  may  interchange.  Another  water-way,  called 
the  Hennepin  canal,  is  projected  across  the  upper  part  of  the  State  of 
Illinois,  also  to  connect  with  the  Mississippi  river. 

The  Goodrich  Line  is  the  pioneer  and  leading  line  of  the  lake 
steamers,  comprising  the  most  elegant,  most  modern,  as  well  as  the 
safest  steamships  which  ply  Lake  Michigan.  Founded  in  1856  by 
Capt.  A.  E.  Goodrich,  and  ten  years  later  incorporated  under  the  laws 
of  Wisconsin.  Docks  foot  of  Michigan  Avenue.  The  steamers  of 
the  Goodrich  Transportation  Company  ply  between  Chicago  and  all 
ports  on  Lake  Michigan  and  Green  Bay,  forming  regular  lines  during 
the  navigation  season. 

RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION.  —  The  railroads,  however, 
are  the  chief  factor  in  conducting  the  trade  and  commerce  of  Chicago. 
No  other  city  in  the  world  is  so  well  supplied  with  railroad  lines. 
Twenty-six  independent  roads  run  out  of  the  city,  diverging  to  all 
parts  of  the  United  States,  Canada  and  Mexico.  These  railroads, 
with  their  branches  and  immediate  connections,  have  a  total  length 
of  over  half  of  the  total  mileage  of  the  railroads  of  the  country.  A 
belt  railroad  encircling  the  city  connects  with  all  lines,  enabling 
freight  to  be  easily  transferred  from  one  to  another  without  breaking 
bulk.  The  immense  traffic  of  this  character,  however,  has  so  far 
outgrown  the  facilities  afforded  by  the  belt  road  referred  to  that  two 
other  intercepting  lines  have  sprung  into  existence,  one  of  which  en- 
circles the  city  at  a  distance  of  twenty-five  to  forty  miles  from  it. 
This  line  is  known  as  the  "Joliet  Cut-Off."  The  third  belt  road, 
which  is  known  as  the  Chicago  and  Calumet  Terminal,  traverses  part 
of  the  intermediate  territory,  intersects  a  number  of  important  rail- 
roads, and  will  ultimately  connect  with  all  lines.  To  still  further 
facilitate  the  interchange  of  freight  cars  among  the  various  railroad 
lines,  a  great  union  transfer  yard  is  being  constructed  on  the  west 
side  of  the  city.  These  railroads  and  their  belt-line  connections  have 


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118      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO   THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


established  a  multitude  of  junction  points  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Chicago,  possessing  transportation  facilities  of  the  most  complete 
character  for  industrial  enterprises.  Raw  materials  originating  on 
the  route  of  any  railroad  are  thus  easily  delivered  to  a  factory  on  any 
other  line  by  a  short  transfer,  practically  taking  every  Chicago  rail- 
road to  the  doors  of  every  Chicago  factory.  Manufacturing  products 
are  likewise  distributed  without  difficulty  over  the  region  traversed 
by  every  railroad  line.  These  facilities  have  stimulated'  the  growth 
of  an  unusually  large  number  of  manufacturing  towns  as  suburbs  of 
Chicago.  Among  such  suburbs  the  town  of  Pullman  has  become 
famous  by  reason  of  its  having  been  built  with  a  special  view  to  pro- 
viding workmen  with  comfortable  homes,  pleasant  surroundings,  and 
everything  necessary  for  their  convenience  and  social  enjoyment. 

RAILROADS. — Chicago  is  practically  the  terminal  point  of  all 
the  great  trunk  lines  of  railway,  North,  South,  East  and  West,  in 
the  United  States,  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  the  Republic  of 
Mexico.  Nearly  all  the  railway  systems  of  the  continent  have, 
either  directly  or  by  proprietary  connections,  sought  and  obtained  an 
entrance  to  this  city  and  a  share  in  the  immense  traffic  which  centers 
here.  Over  ninety  thousand  miles  of  railway  center  in  Chicago  at 
the  present  time,  and  it  is  conceded  to  be  the  greatest  railway 
depot  in  the  universe  ;  more  passengers  arrive  and  depart  ;  more  mer- 
chandise is  received  and  shipped  here  daily  than  in  any  other  city  on 
the  globe.  Illinois,  of  which  Chicago  is  the  metropolis,  has  the 
greatest  railway  mileage  of  any  State  in  the  Union — 14,017  miles. 

ST.  CLAIR  TUNNEL. — This  is  the  greatest  submarine  tunnel  in 
the  world.  It  extends  from  Port  Huron,  Michigan,  under  the  St. 
Clair  river  to  Sarnia,  in  the  Canadian  Province  of  Ontario,  and  con- 
nects the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  system  of  Canada  with  the  Chicago 
&  Grand  Trunk  Railway  and  its  connecting  and  associate  lines. 
The  tunnel  proper  is  a  continuous  iron  tube,  nineteen  feet  and  ten 
inches  in  diameter,  and  6025  feet  in  length  (or  a  trifle  over  one  mile). 
The  approaches,  in  addition  to  the  tunnel  proper,  are  5,603  feet  in 
length,  making  all  told  a  little  over  two  miles.  This  great  inter- 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AA'D  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


119 


national  undertaking  was  completed  at  a  cost  of  $2,700,000,  and 
opened  for  freight  traffic  October  27th,  and  for  passenger  traffic  De- 
cember 7,  1891.  The  tunnel  is  lighted  by  incandescent  electric 
lamps,  placed  at  suitable  intervals.  By  reason  of  the  method  of  con- 
struction employed,  and  the  material  (iron)  used  therein,  the  tunnel 
is  absolutely  water-tight.  As  illustrating  the  accuracy  of  engineering 


SCENE    IN    LINCOLN   PARK. 

skill,  and  without  entering  into  lengthy  details,  suffice  it  to  say  that 
the  construction  of  the  tunnel  was  begun  and  carried  on  from  both 
the  American  and  Canadian  sides  of  the  river  simultaneously,  and 
when  the  edges  of  the  tunnel  shields  met  midway  under  the  river 
bed,  the  total  errors  in  lines  were  found  to  be  too  small  for  measure 
ment.  Trains  of  the  Chicago  &  Grand  Trunk  Railway  are  hauled 
through  the  tunnel  by  coke-burning  engines  especially  constructed 
for  the  purpose.  They  are  said  to  be  the  largest  engines  in  the 


120      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

world.  The  entire  weight  of  the  engine  and  tender  rests  upon  ten 
drive-wheels.  The  weight  of  one  of  these  monster  engines  in  actual 
service  is  found  to  be  approximately  one  hundred  tons. 

ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. — The  great  and  only  rail 
artery  connecting  Lake  Michigan  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  one  of 
the  principal  and  one  of  the  most  ably  managed  lines  in  the  United 
States.  Miles  of  railroad  operated  during  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1891,  2,875;  cost  of  operation,  $11,890,366.21  ;  gross  earnings,  $17,- 
881,554.77;  net  earnings,  without  deducting  rentals  or  taxes,-  $5,- 
991,188.56.  The  history  of  this  road  is  identical  with  that  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  to  the  prosperity  of  whose  people  it  has  contributed 
in  a  very  large  measure.  The  charter  under  which  the  corpora- 
tion was  organized  exempts  the  company's  property  from  taxa- 
tion in  this  State,  but  requires  a  payment  to  the  State,  in  lieu 
thereof,  of  7  per  cent,  of  the  gross  receipts  of  the  original 
railroad,  705.53  miles  in  length,  or  the  lines  from  Chicago  to 
Cairo  (364.90  miles  and  from  Centralia,  111.,  to  Dubuque,  Iowa,  340.63 
miles).  The  sum  so  paid  during  the  years  from  1855  to  1890 
amounted  to  $12,365.618.  In  this  period  the  stockholders  of 
the  company  received,  in  cash  dividends,  $64,782,357.  The  vast 
amount  of  money  which  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company  has 
turned  into  the  State  treasury  very  materially  assisted  the  latter  in 
liquidating  the  indebtedness  contracted  during  the  War  of  the  Rebel- 
lion, and  in  meeting  the  regular  annual  expenditures  of  the  com- 
monwealth for  educational,  charitable,  and  other  purposes.  The 
Governor  of  the  State  of  Illinois  is,  ex  officio,  one  of  its  di- 
rectors. 

WISCONSIN  CENTRAL  LINES.— Although  forming  the  con- 
necting link  between  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  system  and 
Chicago,  and  although  operated  by  the  latter  company  as  lessee,  the 
Wisconsin  Central  lines,  familiarly  but  incorrectly  regarded  by  the 
public  as  the  Wisconsin  Central  Railroad,  must  be  referred  to  separ- 
ately. In  April,  1890,  a  contract  lease  was  made  by  and  between  the 
Wisconsin  Central  Company,  the  Wisconsin  Central  Railroad  Com- 


122      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

pany,  and  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  whereby  the  lat- 
ter company  obtained  a  lease  of  all  the  lines  of  railroad  owned  and 
controlled  by  the  Wisconsin  Central  lines  between  the  cities  of 
Chicago  and  St.  Paul  and  Ashland,  including  the  lines  of  railroad, 
real  estate  and  terminal  facilities  of  the  Chicago  &  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  Company  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  thus  giving  to  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Company  a  complete  line  from  St.  Paul  to  Chicago,  with 
ample  terminal  facilities  in  the  latter  city.  This  combination  of 
interests  was  deemed  by  the  directors  of  the  Northern  Pacific  of  the 
utmost  importance,  as  giving  access  to  the  city  of  Chicago  by  a  line 
of  its  own  ownership  and  possession,  with  unsurpassed  terminal  facil- 
ities. While  the  terms  of  the  lease  relieve  the  Wisconsin  Central 
from  operating  details,  it  leaves  the  building  of  branches,  feeders, 
and  all  extensions  of,  and  permanent  improvements  upon,  the  Wis- 
consin Central  lines,  to  be  jointly  agreed  upoii  by  the  lessor  and 
lessee,  and  to  be  actually  constructed  by  the  Wisconsin  Central  com- 
panies. The  development  of  the  land  grant  and  management  of  the 
iron  properties  remain  in  the  exclusive  control  of  the  Wisconsin  Cen- 
tral Railroad  Company.  The  Wisconsin  Central,  from  its  inception, 
has  been  peculiarly  identified  with  Wisconsin,  its  growth  and  pro- 
gress. Almost  nine-tenths  of  the  mileage  of  the  system  is  within 
the  borders  of  that  State,  and  its  principal  offices  are  located  at 
Milwaukee. 

GRAND  CENTRAL  DEPOT.— No  visitor  to  Chicago  can 
escape  having  pointed  out  to  him  among  the  greatest  attractions  of 
the  city,  the  magnificent  Grand  Central  Depot,  located  at  the  corner 
of  Fifth  avenue  and  Harrison  street.  It  is  one  of  the  best  specimens 
of  the  highest  type  of  modern  architecture  to  be  found  in  the  world. 
Where  this  grand  pile  rises  to-day  the  Bridewell  or  City  Prison  stood 
years  ago.  The  site  was  long  given  up  to  stone  and  coal  yards  ;  it 
was  for  years  one  of  the  most  uninviting  spots  in  the  city.  The  erec- 
tion of  the  Grand  Central  Depot  has  made  it  one  of  the  most  attrac- 
tive, and  gradually  the  old  buildings,  which  still  stand  in  the 
vicinity,  are  giving  place  to  structures  which  comport  with  the  dig- 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


123 


nity  and  grandeur  of  the  great  railroad  station.     It  is  more  familiarly 
known  as  the  Wisconsin  Central  Depot  than  by  any  other  name. 

THE  UNION  DEPOT.— The  ground  covered  by  this  railway 
station  extends  from  Madison  street  on  the  north  to  Van  Buren 
street  on  the  south,  and  covers  about  a  block  in  width  along  the  river 
front.  This  depot  has  been  frequently  referred  to  before,  and  it  only 
remains  to  be  said  here  that  it  is  one  of  the  handsomest  in  the  coun- 


SOUTH    PARK    SCENERY. 

try,  and  that  its  train  shed  is  the  largest  in  existence.  On  the  west 
side  of  Canal  street,  and  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  Madison,  is  a 
block  of  buildings  which  has  long  been  not  only  a  disgrace  to  the 
west  division  of  the  city,  but  to  all  Chicago.  It  is  covered  in  part  by 
tumble-down  frame  buildings,  and  in  part  by  lodging  houses  of  the 
lowest  description,  and  the  vicinity  is  the  resort  of  idlers,  thieves  and 
vagabonds  generally.  The  lodging  houses  have  frequently  been  the 
scene  of  crimes  which  have  shocked  the  community,  and  they  have 
been  as  well  a  menace  to  the  general  peace  of  the  city  in  times  of 


124      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

riot  and  disorder.  In  these  lodging  houses,  also,  have  been  colo- 
nized at  various  times  men  who  have  been  hired  to  do  disreputable 
work  at  the  polls.  To  our  right  is  the  old  Washington  Hotel,  a 
landmark  which  will  shortly  disappear  to  make  room  for  an  elegant 
block  of  buildings.  Beyond  this,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Canal 
street,  is  a  handsome  European  hotel,  and  further  on  is  the  Gault 
House,  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  known  hotels  in  the  city.  From 
this  point  to  Union  street  there  is  not  much  to  be  seen  that  reflects 
credit  on  the  west  side,  or  that  will  interest  the  visitor. 

PULLiMAJST. — Pullman  to-day  presents  the  most  advanced  and 
improved  example  of  city  construction  which  the  world  has  seen, 
and  it  is  carefully  studied  for  its  suggestive  value  by  men  of  science, 
capitalists,  economists,  and  students  of  social  science  throughout  the 
world. 

Pullman  is  unquestionably  one  of  the  greatest  attractions  Chicago 
has  to  offer  her  visitors.  It  is  situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake 
Calumet,  fourteen  miles  south  of  the  Court-house.  The  extreme 
length  of  the  town  is  about  two  miles  in  a  north  and  south  direction, 
and  it  is  half  a  mile  in  average  width.  The  surface  of  the  streets 
around  the  arcade  is  about  nine  feet  above  the  lake  level,  permitting 
good  basements  for  building.  The  land  rises  to  the  north  and  west, 
and  the  surface  at  the  foundry  is  fifteen  feet  above  the  lake  level. 
All  improvements  in  the  way  of  draining,  paving,  sewerage,  gas  and 
water  preceded  the  population,  or  were  put  in  when  the  houses  were 
built.  Pullman  has  a  population  of  11,783,  and  6,000  operatives  are 
employed  in  ail  the  industries  here,  and  their  average  earnings  are  $2 
a  day,  or  over  $600  a  year  each.  These  earnings  averaged  $610.73 
each  in  the  Pullman  industries  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  July  31, 
1891.  In  no  other  place  are  all  workmen  so  well  provided  for  as  here. 

This  beautiful  town  is  the  ' '  pet ' '  of  Mr.  Pullman  ;  it  is  his 
"hobby,"  if  the  complete  realization  of  an  ideal  can  be  so  termed. 
As  long  as  it  was  rrierely  an  idea  it  received  scanty  approval,  but  now 
that  it  is  a  fact  there  are  none  to  be  found  who  ever  had  the  slightest 
doubt  of  the  ultimate  success  of  the  undertaking. 


ST.    JAMES'    CHURCH, 


125 


126      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


The  idea  was  not  a  new  one  to  Mr.  Pullman,  but  it  was  not  until 
1880  that  it  began  to  take  physical  shape,  architectural,  mechanical, 
commercial,  industrial  and  sociological  detail.  The  perfect  success  of 
the  plan  is  no  doubt  largely  due  to  the  fact,  first,  that  Mr.  Pullman 
was  working  out  his  own  plan,  and  second,  it  was  his  privilege  to 
work  out  that  plan  with  no  one  to  meddle  and  object.  No  doubt  if 
some  of  our  larger  cities  had  been  planned  on  a  similar  basis  it  would 
be  better  for  those  cities ;  this  may  not  be  a  democratic  idea,  but 
study  the  history  of  this  model  village  and  draw  your  own  conclu- 
sions. Mr.  Pullman  is  a  man  of  strong  character  and  broad  views. 
He  welcomes  knowledge  from  every  source,  but  in  his  own  affairs  he 
proposes  to  be  his  own  master.  "So,  having  ample  power,  though 
little  sympathy  or  encouragement,  he  managed  every  detail,  and  ever 
since  success  has  crowned  the  work  there  is  no  man  who  disputes 
with  him  the  credit  of  devising  it,  or  arranging  its  details  down  to 
the  smallest  particulars." 

The  tract  of  land  now  "Pullman,"  at  the  beginning  of  1880, 
was  a  lonely  waste  of  low,  nearly  level,  grassy  prairie  on  the  west 
shore  of  Lake  Calumet,  fourteen  miles  south  of  the  center  of  Chicago. 
The  principal  advantage  it  has  was  that  it  was  crossed  lengthwise  by 
the  Illinois  Central  and  Michigan  Central  Railways. 

It  has  taken  just  ten  years  to  change  this  unpromising  plain  into 
the  most  exquisite,  best  regulated  manufacturing  town  in  the  world. 
It  has  nearly  eight  miles  of  paved  drained  streets,  inchiding  a  grand 
boulevard  100  feet  wide,  abutting  on  the  lake  ;  twenty-five  blocks  of 
brick  dwellings  along  these  streets,  capable  of  housing  1,750  families  ; 
an  arcade  building  256x164  feet  in  size,  containing  all  the  stores  of 
the  place,  the  bank  and  post-office.  The  second  story  is  used  for 
offices,  the  library  and  theater ;  and  the  third  floor  holds  lodge-rooms 
for  societies ;  it  is  heated  throughout  by  steam  ;  a  handsome  and  well- 
kept  hotel,  that  can  accommodate  TOO  guests;  school -houses,  where 
1,000  pupils  a  day  can  be  taught ;  a  water-tower  195  feet  high,  on  top 
of  which  is  a  large  boiler  iron  tank  which  holds  half  a  million  gal- 
lons ;  this  is  always  kept  filled  for  use  in  case  of  fire,  and  only  for  fire 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


127 


use.  A  market  HOXIOO  feet  in  size,  with  stalls  for  meat,  vegetables, 
fish,  poultry,  etc. ;  and  in  its  upper  story  a  public  hall  with  a  capacity 
of  600 ;  gas  works  connecting  with  every  house  in  town  ;  green-houses 
for  furnishing  the  town,  its  parks  and  gardens  with  flowers  and 
shrubs.  Brick-yards  with  a  capacity  for  turning  out  30,000,000 
bricks  a  year ;  the  clay  for  them  is  dredged  from  the  bottom  of  the 
lake ;  the  bricks  are  all  machine-made.  Ice-houses,  holding  24,000 


LINCOLN   PARK    LAKE. 

tons  of  ice  ;  lumber  yards  covering  eighty  acres  ;  about  fifty  different 
kinds  of  lumber  are  used  here,  and  nearly  half  a  million  dollars' 
worth  is  always  kept  on  hand  ;  this  lumber  is  obtained,  from  South 
America,  Central  America,  Mexico  and  from  half  the  States  of  the 
Union.  Finally,  the  soul  of  the  whole  and  the  reason  of  its  existence, 
the  great  Pullman  Car  Works,  the  Union  Foundry,  the  Drop  Forge  and 
Foundry,  the  Street  Car  Works,  the  Terra-Cotta  Works,  the  Standard 


12S      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

Knitting-mills,  the  Columbia  Screw  Factory,  the  Allen  Paper  Car- 
wheel  Works,  the  Calumet  Paint  Manufacturing  Works,  the  Pullman 
Iron  and  Steel  Works,  and  other  enterprises. 

It  is  perhaps  too  much  to  say  that  any  one  mind  could  grasp  in 
advance  each  of  these  details ;  but  the  idea  contained  the  plan  and 
potentiality  of  them  all,  and  laid  the  broad  and  deep  foundations  on 
which  they  could  rise,  have  risen  and  are  constantly  growing. 
Then,  too,  Mr.  Pullman's  designing  mind  has  seized  each  position 
and  made  it  a  stepping-stone  for  each  further  advance.  It  has  been 
his  daily  thought  and  nightly  dream,  and  nothing  has  seemed  to  him 
too  good  and  great  for  his  model  town. 

The  car  shops  furnish  cars  of  every  description,  and  have  a 
capacity  of  turning  out  each  week  3  sleepers,  1 2  passenger  cars,  240 
freight  cars  and  several  street  cars,  the  number  depending  upon  the 
value  of  the  cars  (making  about  4  cars  an  hour  during  working 
hours).  The  other  industries  furnish,  with  the  exception  of  glass, 
blankets,  car  springs  and  plushes  used  in  upholstery,  even-thing 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  best  cars ;  all  marble  work,  glass 
embossing,  mirror-making  and  electro-plating  are  done  here.  The 
total  value  of  the  finished  product  from  all  the  manufactories  at  Pull- 
man is  about  $15,000,000  a  year.  This  comes  by  the  labor  of  about 
5250  operators,  whose  average  earnings  are  $2  a  day.  Of  these  only 
a  few  are  children  (perhaps  200  in  all),  and  still  fewer  women,  of 
whom  only  150  are  employed.  Some  of  the  latter  hold  clerkships; 
some  work  in  the  upholstering  rooms,  and  some  in  the  knitting-mill. 

In  selecting  the  architectural  style  to  be  followed  at  Pullman,  it 
was  deemed  necessary  to  choose  one  that  could  be  adapted  to  the 
great  variety  of  buildings  devoted  to  different  uses.  In  general 
terms  the  style  employed  might  be  designated  the  round  arched  or 
Romanesque,  without  the  Byzantine  details  of  the  great  shops  and 
principal  buildings.  It  may  be  said  that  the  buildings  suggest  a 
simplified  modification  of  the  Queen  Ann  style  of  architecture. 

Turning  now  to  the  less  obvious  features,  one  finds  still  more  to 
admire.  The  sewerage  and  surface  drainage  preceded  the  pcpula- 


CO 

Q 


u 

o 

H 
co 


130      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

tion,  being  established  at  the  same  time  when  the  dwellings  were 
building.  The  surface  drainage  carries  the  rainfall  into  Lake  Calu- 
met. The  sewerage  proper  is  a  separate  system,  connecting  with 
every  sink  and  cesspool,  and  taking  the  entire  sewage  from  the 
houses  and  shops.  Each  house  is  supplied  with  sanitary  plumbing. 
The  sewage  is  conducted  below  the  surface  to  a  huge  tank  beneath 
the  water  tower,  whence  it  is  pumped  and  piped  (1,800,000  gallons 


WORLD'S  FAIR  GLOBE. 

a  day)  to  the  Pullman  farm,  three  miles  away  to  the  southwest,  to 
be  used  as  a  fertilizer.  The  sewage  tank  is  thoroughly  ventilated 
through  pipes  debouching  above  the  top  of  the  water  tower,  and  has, 
besides,  a  connection  with  the  tall  chimney  of  the  boiler  house, 
which  outlets  combined  produce  a  down  draught  in  all  the  sewer 
openings.  The  town  has  no  evil  odors. 

The  water  supply  does  not  come  from  the  water  tower,  as  many 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


131 


suppose,  but  from  the  Chicago  water  system.     The  town  has  fifteen 
miles  of  water  mains. 

The  Pullman  farm  consists  of  140  acres,  thoroughly  piped  and 
underdrained  for  the  reception,  purification  and  utilization  of  the 
Pullman  village  sewage.  Hydrants  are  so  placed  that  the  distri- 
bution can  be  conveniently  done.  All  organic  matter  in  the  sew- 
age is  taken  up  by  the  soil  and  the  growing  vegetation,  and  the 


SOL'S    CLOCK    (Lincoln   Park). 

water  (which  is,  of  course,  by  far  the  greater  mass)  runs  off  through 
underdrains  to  the  ditches,  and  they  deliver  it  pure  and  clear  as 
spring  water,  into  the  Calumet  river.  In  winter  the  sewage  runs 
upon  one  field  or  one  filter-bed,  and  then  on  another,  the  filtering 
process  appearing  as  perfect  as  in  summer.  Thus  are  the  waste 
products  largely  transmuted  by  vital  chemistry  into  luxurious  vege- 
table forms.  The  most  profitable  crops  have  been  found  to  be 


132      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

onions,  cabbage,  potatoes  and  celery.  One  acre  takes  care  of  the 
sewage  of  one  hundred  of  the  population.  This  solution  answers 
one  of  the  problems  so  often  propounded  in  relation  to  the  sewage 
of  Chicago,  namely  :  "Why  not  utilize  it  for  fertilization?"  At  one 
acre  to  the  hundred  of  population,  it  would  require  twelve  thousand 
acres  to  dispose  of  the  sewage  of  Chicago,  twenty  square  miles 
from  which  settlers  would  have  to  be  excluded.  At  some  future 
time,  when  lands  naturally  fertile  and  spontaneously  productive  shall 
have  grown  more  scarce  and  distant,  this  may  be  effective  ;  but  now  it 
is  a  manifest  impossibility.  Even  in  old  Europe,  where  there  are  at 
least  150  sewage  farms,  there  is  scarcely  one  which  pays  expenses  of 
handling,  instead  of  the  large  profit  which  might  be  expected  from 
a  free  gift  of  unlimited  manure.  The  difficulty  seems  to  be  in  the 
impossibility  of  rotting  or  properly  composting  the  crude  elements 
of  the  sewage.  The  Pullman  farm  pays  a  reasonable  profit.  One  of 
the  most  admirable  features  of  the  town — true  it  is  a  negative  one — 
is  that  there  are  no  saloons,  no  gambling  houses  and  no  almshouse, 
and  as  a  natural  sequence  I  suppose,  though  I  do  not  know  posi- 
tively, no  jail.  They  have  a  cemetery  ;  but  it  is  not  a  paying  invest- 
ment. The  growth  of  the  ' '  City  of  the  Dead ' '  is  very,  very  slow. 
Now,  some  people  who  have  no  doctor  friends,  who  are  not  inter- 
ested in  some  cemetery  company,  or  in  a  coffin  or  tombstone  estab- 
lishment will  think  this  a  great  advantage ;  but  to  most  of  us  com- 
mon mortals  (we  are  a  race  of  vampires)  it  is  a  great  defect. 

The  absence  of  drinking  shops  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  Com- 
pany has  not  parted  with  its  realty ;  in  fact,  this  policy  was  adopted 
to  prevent  just  such  evils.  Whenever  and  wherever  public  senti- 
ment is  up  to  it,  they  can  exclude  any  evil  by  popular  consent  ; 
but  in  this  case  the  promoters  preferred  to  take  no  chances,  and 
"prohibition  prohibits"  in  Pullman,  however  it  may  struggle, 
prevail,  triumph  and  fail  elsewhere.  Do  not  misunderstand  me  ; 
no  one  is  prevented  from  drinking,  only  they  must  go  elsewhere 
for  it. 

Just  outside  of  the    town  limits  there  are  drinking   places   by 


H 
fc 
O 


W 
u 


pq 


134      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 

the  scores,  with  plenty  of  customers ;  so  drunkenness  is  not  un- 
known ;  but  it  is  marked,  exceptional  and  disgraceful.  The  oper- 
ators know  which  of  them  are  drinkers  and  which  are  not,  and 
form  their  likes  and  dislikes  accordingly;  but  the  management 
leaves  it  all  to  them,  taking  no  cognizance  of  the  matter.  Free- 
dom is  held  to  be  the  only  condition  for  a  healthy,  stable  growth 
of  morals,  intelligence  and  wealth. 


FLORAL  DESIGN  (uncoin  Park). 

At  Pullman  personal  liberty  of  thought  is  associated  with  that 
of  action.  Religion  is  not  assailed  and  dwarfed  by  patronage — 
certain!}'  not  by  opposition.  There  are  eight  places  of  worship  in 
town,  representing  as  many  shades  of  sectarian  belief.  Each  is 
entirety  sustained  by  the  voluntary  contributions  of  its  members. 
The  company  built,  at  the  outset,  a  beautiful  green-stone  church, 
but  it  is  rented  to  a  congregation  like  any  other  edifice  or  tenement. 

Good  order  in  the  community  is  always  maintained,  without  in- 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


135 


terfering  with  the  freedom  of  the  individual,  so  long  as  his  freedom 
does  not  trespass  on  the  liberty  of  another.  There  has  never  been 
any  attempt  (by  the  founders)  to  set  up  any  religious  denomination 
in  the  town.  There  was  a  church  building  constructed  at  the  outset, 
but  it  was  rented  to  a  society  which  represented  the  majority  in  the 
town. 


SCENE   IN   SOUTH   PARK. 

Within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  green-stone  Presbyterian  Church 
is  a  new  building  put  up  by  the  Catholics.  In  addition  to  this  the 
Swedish  Lutheran  and  other  denominations  have  rooms  where  ser- 
vices are  held.  There  is  no  artificial  stimulus  anywhere.  There  are 
no  lectures  given  to  the  workmen.  Neither  politics  nor  religion  has 
any  part  in  the  administration  ;  that  is  left  to  the  individual.  Sun- 
day is  a  day  of  relaxation  ;  many  go  to  church  ;  man}-  go  to  the  lake- 
shore  and  take  part  in  the  out-door  games.  The  town  gave  a  small 


136 


IX    THE    ZOO. 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST,  137 

Democratic  majority  at  the  last  election.  The  men  know  that  they 
are  perfectly  free  from  criticism  on  the  part  of  the  management, 
whatever  result  is  declared  at  the  polls. 

The  Pullman  Loan  and  Savings  Bank  is  the  local  financial  de- 
pository of  the  Company,  and  also  the  custodian  of  the  voluntary 
hoards  of  the  citizens.  Its  savings  deposits  in  1891  amount  to 
$467,981.45,  in  the  names  of  1,828  depositors.  The  average  sum 
held  by  each  savings  depositor  in  1884  was  $145.43.  In  1890 
it  had  grown  to  $243.97,  an(^  ln  I^9I  *s  $256-  By  purchases  in  the 
immediate  vicinity,  885  of  the  operatives  are  freeholders  in  their  own 
right.  In  all  2,297  live  outside  the  town.  All  employed  are  free  to 
live  where  they  please,  but  Pullman  town  is  always  full. 

No  reserve  or  "hospital  money"  or  " insurance  fund "  is  exacted 
by  the  Company,  nor  are  any  store  accounts  collected  on  the  wages 
pay-roll.  (The  Company  is  not  interested  in  the  shops  except  as 
landlord  of  the  shop-keepers.)  The  only  deductions  from  the  earned 
wages  are  rents  due  by  those  who  occupy  Company  houses  or  flats. 

The  position  of  the  city  already  built  is  about  half  a  mile  in 
width,  and  is  two  miles  from  the  north  to  the  south  end  of  the  town. 
The  successive  blocks  are  unlike,  giving  pleasing  changes  to  the 
views  along  any  street.  There  are  now  about  seven  miles  of  paved 
streets  and  twelve  miles  of  sidewalks.  At  intervals  of  thirty  feet 
shade  trees  are  planted  along  both  sides  of  the  streets,  and  on  the 
main  streets  flowers  are  grown  around  the  trees.  Open  places 
planted  with  shrubbery  and  flowers  really  constitute  a  long  park,  in 
the  midst  of  which  the  homes  of  the  people  stand.  The  monumental 
buildings  and  vast  shops  in  the  long  stretches  of  meadow,  walks  and 
shrubbery  emphasize  the  park  features  of  Pullman. 

There  is  one  style  of  flats  having  from  two  to  four  rooms  each, 
which  rent  for  from  six  to  nine  dollars  a  month.  Of  these  there  are 
now  six  buildings,  each  containing  twelve  families,  one  building  con- 
taining twenty-four  families,  two  containing  thirty-six  families,  and 
one  containing  forty-eight  families.  There  is  not  a  room  in  these  build- 
ings which  has  not  one  or  more  windows,  giving  residents  abundance  of 


138      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


fresh  air  and  light.  These  flats  and  their  surroundings  are  kept  in 
order  by  the  Company.  Blocks  14  by  27  and  30  contain  300  flats, 
each  apartment  containing  from  two  to  five  good  rooms  and  its  pro- 
per proportion  of  basement.  Still  another  style  of  flats  is  seen  where 
every  family  has  a  separate  entrance,  and  is  accommodated  with  five 
good  rooms  and  a  basement.  These  flats  rent  for  from  $14.00  to 
$16.00  a  month.  There  is  now  a  tendency  in  cities  to  build  flats, 


LINCOLN   PARK    FLOWERS. 

and  the  advantages  in  them  are  usually  set  forth  as  follows :  The 
tenant  secures  a  home  for  a  lower  rent,  and  is  brought  nearer  his 
place  of  work  and  business.  In  case  of  sickness  and  trouble  he  has 
help  close  at  hand ;  the  common  hallway  is  lighted  and  the  whole 
building  cared  for  by  a  janitor,  services  which  cannot  be  rendered  in 
single  houses.  By  accommodating  many  families  upon  a  small  tract 
of  land,  men  are  able  to  reduce  their  living  expenses  to  a  minimum, 
while  all  have  the  advantage  of  living  upon  improved  streets  and  in 


LINCOLN   MONUMENT  (Lincoln  Park). 


139 


140      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

close  proximity  to  parks  and  gardens.  Of  course  separate  sinks, 
water-taps  and  closets,  all  inside  the  houses,  are  provided  for  every 
family. 

There  is  a  variety  of  single  houses  with  rents  ranging  all  the  way 
from  $16  to  $50  a  month.  These  houses  are  adapted  to  the  needs  of 
men  receiving  from  $2  a  day  to  $5,000  a  year.  The  average  rental  of 
all  the  tenements  in  Pullman  is  only  $14  a  month. 

' '  The  connection  of  the  Pullman  Company  with  the  so-called 
labor  riots  was  short  but  full  of  interest  for  the  moment,  and  sugges- 
tive for  the  future.  Pullman  industries  were  a  shining  mark,  and 
the  elements  of  destruction  would  score  a  brilliant  victory  if  they 
could  lay  them  low.  Therefore  the  attack  was  expected,  and  it 
came — from  the  outside,  of  course.  With  a  shrewdness  worthy  of 
them,  the  assailants  chose  as  the  weakest  point  in  the  industrial  cita- 
del, the  cabinet  shop,  which  was  largely  filled  with  foreigners,  not  yet 
imbued  with  the  'American  Idea.' 

"The  foreign  idea  of  irresponsible  conflict  between  labor  and 
capital,  and  of  '  Internationalism '  as  the  only  refuge  of  the  former 
from  the  oppression  of  the  latter,  these  men  had  either  brought  over 
with  them  or  readily  absorbed  from  the  plausible  talkers  sent  among 
them.  The  mass  of  other  workmen,  not  so  much  convinced  by  argu- 
ment as  moved  by  brotherly  feeling,  consented  to  join  in  the  demand 
for  an  eight-hour  day  and  other  proposed  changes,  and  at  an  ap- 
pointed time  a  committee  called  on  Mr.  Pullman  to  lay  that  demand 
before  him.  The  committee,  as  usual  in  such  cases,  was  chosen 
mainly  from  the  men  known  to,  and  respected  by  their  employers  ; 
but  contained  also  some  of  the  '  walking  delegate  '  element,  men  who 
had  entered  the  employment  on  purpose  to  interfere  with  it.  Mr. 
Pullman,  recognizing  easily  the  'outsiders,'  invited  a  statement  of 
their  position.  They  had  free  scope  to  ask  what  they  had  determined 
on,  and  to  enforce  the  demands  by  such  arguments  as  they  thought 
best.  When  they  had  entirely  covered  the  ground  he  expressed  him- 
self thus : 

'  That  they  evidently  entertained  the  deliberate  purpose  of  either 


IMPORTANT  BUILDINGS  AND  POINTS  OF  INTEREST.  141 

controlling  the  works  or  stopping  them.  The  latter  they  might  do, 
but  to  what  purpose  ?  When  work  stopped  wages  stopped.  How 
would  their  families  fare  ?  The  Company  would  live,  doing  its  work 
elsewhere  or  not  doing  it  at  all.  As  to  the  former,  the  Company  was 
satisfied  with  its  present  management  and  proposed  to  be  as  free  in  its 
actions  as  were  its  employes  in  theirs. ' ' 

This  was  all.  Mr.  Pullman  was  kind,  but  firm.  After  their 
interview  he  refused  to  discuss  the  matter  again.  The}-  knew  his 
decision  ;  it  was  unalterable.  The  men  ' '  went  out, ' '  stayed  two  weeks 
and  returned  to  their  work.  Since  then  things  have  gone  smoothly  ; 
differences  there  are  frequently,  but  they  are  settled  in  free  discussion 
between  the  management  and  the  operatives.  These  conferences  are 
carried  on  in  a  friendly — not  servile — spirit,  and  sometimes  result  in 
convincing  the  one  party,  sometimes  the  other ;  oftenest  in  a  com- 
promise of  conflicting  interests  and  claims. 

"The  historian  is  not  the  prophet,  but  it  may  be  said  without 
undue  presumption  that  if — if  the  path  in  front  of  Pullman  proves  as 
fair  to  the  foot  as  its  vista  appears  to  the  eye,  then  the  enterprise 
sounds  the  key-note  for  the  full  and  final  chorus  of  concord  between 
labor  and  capital.  In  that  case  its  founder  has,  single-handed,  built 
the  enduring  monument  of  the  passing  nineteenth  century  ;  a  pyra- 
mid, the  broad,  deep  ground  course  whereof  is  human  nature,  while 
its  sunlit  cap-stone  is  peace. ' ' 

PULLMAN  PALACE  CAB  COMPANY. — Main  office,  Pullman 
building.  President,  George  M.  Pullman.  Directors,  George  M. 
Pullman,  Marshall  Field,  J.  W.  Doane,  Norman  Williams  and  O.  S. 
A.  Sprague,  of  Chicago ;  Henry  C.  Hulbert,  of  New  York,  and 
Henry  R.  Read,  of  Boston.  One  of  the  greatest  corporations  in  the 
world. 


DOUGLAS    MONUMENT. 


PART     III. 


PARK    SYSTEM. 

• 


"T"^] 


'HE   splendid   park  system  of  Chicago,  constituting  (with  its 
connecting  boulevards),    one  of  the  most  extended   in  the 
world,  took  its  rise  in  the  construction  of  Lincoln  Park,  and 
this  in  its  turn  was  the  offspring  of  the  cemetery  established  in  1835, 


IN   THE    ZOO    (Uncoln   Park). 

north  of  and  adjoining  what  is  now  North  avenue.  In  all,  this 
burial  place  included  sixty  acres  of  what  was  once  sand  hill  and  pine 
forest,  but  became,  by  the  care  of  lot  owners,  a  fine  and  well-ordered 
graveyard.  The  city  also  owned  sixty  acres  north  of  and  adjoining 
the  burial  place.  In  1860  the  council  passed  an  ordinance  forbidding 
the  sale  of  lots  and  the  interment  of  dead  in  the  last  named  tract, 

143 


144      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


and  in  1864,  another  ordinance  setting  apart  the  same  for  a  public 
park.  The  latter  ordinance  also  forbade  the  sale  of  more  lots  in  the 
first  plot,  and  the  interment  of  bodies  on  the  part  not  sold — the 
Potter's  field.  To-day  in  the  appearance  of  the  magnificent  park, 
with  its  statues,  fountains,  hills,  dells,  4akes,  streams,  flower-beds, 
palm-house,  menagerie,  and  miles  of  roads  and  paths,  there  is  almost 
nothing  to  indicate  that  it  was  once  the  burial  place  of  uncounted 
thousands  of  our  fellow-citizens,  many  of  whom,  no  doubt,  accidentally 


LINCOLN    PARK    LILY-BEDS. 

omitted  in  the  removal,  still  sleep  beneath  its  surface.  Nothing,  ex 
cept  a  single  tomb,  that  of  the  old  Couch  estate,  to  which,  for  certain 
reasons,  the  Park  Commissioners  never  obtained  title ;  this  remains 
silent  and  grim,  as  if  to  remind  the  pleasure-seekers  that  '  in  the 
midst  of  life  we  are  in  death.'  This  park  besides  having  the  advan- 
tage of  being  the  first,  has  also  the  peculiar  and  inestimable  advan- 
tage of  a  Lake  Shore  drive.  The  Lincoln  Park  Commissioners  were 
shrewd  enough  to  see  and  profit  by  this  opportunity  at  once  ;  almost 
the  first  outlay  they  made  was  in  preparing  a  drive-way  along  the  Park 


BARTLETTE   RESIDENCE. 


145 


14G      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

front.  This  served  a  double  purpose;  it  reconciled  the  people  to  the 
increase  in  taxes,  and  it  shut  out  and  made  forever  impossible  the 
alternative  of  the  Lake  Shore  for  a  railway  entrance  to  the  city. 

"It  is  easy  to  perceive  that  a  range  of  wind-swept  sand  hills  is 
an  unpromising  place  for  a  park,  but  hard  to  conceive  of  the  im- 
mensity of  the  task  of  subduing  it  to  verdure  and  beauty.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  are  some  compensatory  features ;  the  sand  is  easy 
to  move  by  plow  and  scraper,  and  is  a  self-draining  material  when  re- 
duced to  the  desired  form.  On  the  whole,  one  would  rather  attack 
for  park  purposes  warm  sand  than  cold,  refractory  soaked  clay  or 
hardpan.  A  design  once  fixed  on,  with  a  pond  here  and  there  to  be 
excavated,  a  hill  or  two  or  three  to  be  brought  low,  a  mound  to  be 
raised,  a  slope  to  be  graded,  a  ridge  to  be  ranged,  numberless  flower 
beds  to  be  started,  a  hot-house,  a  conservatory,  a  green-house,  a 
palm-house,  a  boat  house,  a  tool  and  machinery  house,  a  keeper's 
dwelling  and  barn  to  be  built — all  these  things  and  a  thousand  others 
being  laid  out  for  deliberate  achievement,  the  thing  goes  on  step 
by  step,  and  the  change,  to  an  occasional  visitor,  seems  almost  magi- 
cal. 100,000  cubic  yards  or  more  of  clay  make  a  substratum  to  the 
grass  plots ;  ten  thousands  of  loads  of  black  soil  and  the  fertilizing 
city  street  sweepings  make  the  top  dressing ;  thousands  of  trees, 
home  grown  and  imported,  soon  stand  in  orderly  confusion,  and  be- 
hold !  l  The  wilderness  blossoms  as  the  rose.' ' 

There  are  2,236  miles  of  streets,  and  some  fifty  miles  of  boule- 
vards in  Chicago,  the  latter  connecting  the  surrounding  cordon  of 
attractive  parks.  The  city  is  proud,  of  the  chief  streets,  which  are  60 
to  loo  feet  wide,  with  State  street  125  feet  wide.  They  are  straight, 
cross  at  right  angles,  are  mathematically  as  nearly  level  as  drainage 
will  permit,  are  generally  well  lighted  and  paved,  and  in  the  busi- 
ness section  are  bordered  by  solidly  constmcted  buildings  ;  while  the 
residential  section  displays  very  fine  dwellings,  and  Michigan  avenue, 
at  the  lake  front,  is  one  of  the  handsomest  foliage  bordered  streets  of 
residences  in  the  world.  The  outskirts  are  beautified  by  twenty 
parks,  making  with  the  miles  of  connecting  boulevards  a  semi-circle 


PARK  SYSTEM. 


147 


around  the  city,  having  each  end  resting  upon  the  shore  of  the  lake. 
Nature  gave  to  the  monotonously  flat  prairie  around  Chicago  no 
scenic  charms  excepting  the  glorious  view  over  Lake  Michigan.  It 
has  been  a  most  admirable  thing  for  the  city  that  somebody  has  been 
able  to  pause  in  the  universal  and  engrossing  chase  after  the 
almighty  dollar  long  enough  to  design  these  pleasant  parks.  The 
broad  expanse  of  prairie  was  low,  level,  and  treeless  originally,  but 
abundant  foliage  has  been  planted,  and  art  has  made  little  lakes  and 


AMONG  THE  LILIES. 

miniature  hills  ornamented  by  attractive  flower  gardens  and  shrub- 
bery. There  are  nearly  2,000  acres  of  these  parks,  the  system  begin- 
ning on  the  northern  verge,  with  Lincoln  Park  on  the  lake  front, 
covering  250  acres,  and  stretching  around  to  the  South  Park,  and 
thence  down  to  Washington  and  Jackson  Parks,  the  latter  fronting  for 
almost  two  miles  on  the  lake  shore  in  the  southern  part  of  the  city. 
Large  sums  have  been  spent  in  their  care  and  development,  and 
about  $2,000,000  additional  will  be  spent  on  these  parks  in  anticipa- 
tion of  the  fair.  The  Drexel  Boulevard,  which  is  the  favorite  drive- 


148      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

way  to  the  South  Park,  200  feet  wide,  is  the  most  handsome  of  the 
connecting  roadways,  and  is  among  the  celebrated  avenues  of  Amer- 
ica. A  magnificent  fountain,  surmounted  by  a  bronze  statue  of  the 
late  Francis  M.  Drexel,  the  founder  of  the  noted  Drexel  banking 
firm,  adorns  its  entrance.  This  broad  parkway  has  a  fine  carriage 
road  on  either  side  of  a  central  walk  for  pedestrians,  the  latter  wind- 
ing among  picturesque  gardens,  and  the  whole  boulevard  being  well 
shaded,  though  the  trees  are  still  young.  Washington  Park,  beyond 


IN    THE    ZOO    (Lincoln   Park). 

the  South  Park,  contains  371  acres,  Jackson  Park  586  acres,  and  the 
broad  midway  plaisance,  connecting  them,  80  acres.  These  three 
are  the  grounds  devoted  to  the  World's  Fair,  and,  combined,  cover 
1,037  acres,  the  chief  buildings  being  located  in  Jackson  Park. 

The  park  system  proper  is  under  control  of  the  commissioners, 
elected  by  the  courts.  The  parks  under  the  supervision  of  these 
commissioners  are  maintained  by  direct  tax  upon  the  respective  divi- 
sions of  the  city.  Under  the  control  of  the  city  government  are  a 
number  of  small  parks,  squares  and  "places"  which  are  maintained 


150      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

at  the  expense  of  the  city  treasury.  This  chain  of  parks  and  boule- 
vards gives  one  of  the  finest  drives  in  the  world,  and  there  is  no 
reason  in  the  world  why  it  should  not  be,  for  no  expense  was 
spared  in  its  construction  and  no  expense  is  spared  in  keeping  it  up. 
Besides  it  is  as  autocratic  as  the  private  park  of  an  English  noble- 
man ;  no  vehicle  that  would  injure  its  surface  or  mar  its  beauty  is 
allowed  upon  it. 

"Under  the  provisions  of  the  park  acts,  any  street  boulevard  is 
placed  under  the  control  of  the  Park  Board,  as  to  its  care,  govern- 
ment and  use,  and  the  Board  can  assess  adjacent  property  for  its  re- 
imbursements. The  Board  thereupon  forbids  the  use  of  the  roadway 
for  business  travel,  and  even  for  funerals  except  so  far  as  absolutely 
necessary  to  the  residents  on  the  street  itself.  The  Board  must  be 
applied  to  for  permission  by  any  railway  which  desires  to  cross  its 
boulevards ;  in  short,  the  whole  length  of  each  is  treated  as  part  of 
the  park.  This  is  not  looked  upon  with  favor  by  the  residents  on  the 
parallel  streets  near  by,  as  it  not  only  gives  the  favored  avenue  a  cer- 
tain glory  and  distinction,  but  also  throws  on  the  other  roadways 
more  than  their  share  of  the  public  business,  the  traffic  which  is 
heavy,  dirty,  noisy,  unsightly,  undesirable  and  pavement  wearing. 
Still,  they  submit,  perforce  with  as  good  a  grace  as  may  be,  'it  is  for 
the  city's  good.'  " 

Only  a  very  few  years  ago,  complaint  to  the  effect  that  the  great 
parks  of  the  city  were  too  far  removed  from  the  people,  and  practi- 
cally inaccessible  to  the  very  class  whom  they  were  intended  to  serve 
was  general.  Now,  however,  they  are  becoming  the  nuclei  around 
which  the  populous  districts  are  growing.  In  a  few  years,  instead  of 
being  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  they  will  be  breathing  places  in  its 
interior. 

"It  is  unquestionable  that  the  park  and  boulevard  system  of 
Chicago  was  planned  and  carried  out  far  ahead  of  the  city's  actual 
needs.  In  truth,  even  at  the  present  time,  they  are  beyond  all  pro- 
portion to  the  use  made  of  them.  Large  expanses  of  park  are  lonely 
solitudes,  except  on  some  special  feast  day.  Long  stretches  of  boule- 


PARK  SYSTEM. 


151 


yards  are  as  inappropriate  to  their  respective  neighborhoods  as  would 
be  a  cathedral  in  a  country  village.  This  being  so  when  the  city  has 
long  passed  the  million  mark,  how  almost  absurd  must  they  have 
seemed  when  they  were  laid  out  encircling,  though  far  away  from  a 
town  of  only  300,000  souls !  But,  all  this  being  true,  it  only  proves 
the  projectors  to  have  had  the  gift  of  second  sight.  If  it  had  not 
been  done  when  it  was  it  would  have  been  impossible  ever  after- 


SOUTH    PARK    LILY    PONDS. 

wards.  In  spite  of  the  loudly-blamed  greed  of  the  property  owners, 
(who  in  general,  though  not  invariably,  got  every  penny  they  could,) 
land  was  bought  at  prices  far  below  present  values.  The  limit  of 
permitted  rates  of  assessment  (between  one  and  two  cents  on  the  hun- 
dred dollars  of  value)  gave,  at  first,  very  scanty  means  for  improve- 
ments and  sinking-funds ;  but  as  surrounding  lands  and  lots  rise, 
(partly  by  aid  of  the  parks  and  boulevards  themselves,)  the  same  old 
rates  gave  generous  yearly  sums  to  successive  Boards,  while  the  less- 


f52      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GLIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

ening  of  the  debt,  by  calling  in  bonds  for  the  sinking-funds,  reduced 
year  by  year  the  interest  charges,  so  that  in  the  Columbian  year  the 
whole  system  will  be  substantially  clear  of  incumbrance,  while  the 
available  funds  will  authorize  expenditures  not  less  than  magnificent. 
Not  only  has  this  generation  planned  for  the  next  and  its  successors  a 
princely  pleasure  ground,  it  has  bought  it  and  paid  for  it,  and  devises 
it  to  the  future  free  of  the  usual  purchase  money  mortgage." 

CONSERVATORIES. — Winter  visitors  will   find   the  conserva- 
tories of  the  different  parks  among  the  most  attractive  sights  in  the 


THE   CONSERVATORY. 

city.  These  conservatories  are  open  during  all  seasons,  and  are  in 
charge  of  a  skilful  corps  of  gardeners  chosen  by  the  several  park 
boards.  The  new  greenhouse,  propagating  house,  and  palm  house  at 
Lincoln  Park  will  attract  the  attention  of  the  visitor.  Among  the 
curious  things  to  be  seen  within  its  walls  is  a  sago  palm  100  years  old 
that  came  from  Mexico  many  years  ago ;  a  tree  fern  15  feet  high  ;  a 
very  large  date  palm,  and  a  Carludonica  palmata  in  bloom.  Mr. 
Stromback,  the  chief  gardener,  gives  some  interesting  facts  in  refer- 


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lol      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE   TO   THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

ence  to  the  water-lilies  that  have  proven  so  attractive  outdoors  during 
the  past  summer.  The  large  lily  with  the  tub-like  leaves,  Victoria 
Regia,  is  annually  raised  from  seeds,  a  single  pod  having  been  known 
to  contain  435  seeds.  It  is  a  night  bloomer,  and  the  blossom  is  quite 
fragrant.  Some  of  the  other  water  lilies  are  also  night  bloomers, 
while  some  open  in  day-time.  The  water  in  the  basins  in  which  they 
are  grown  flows  from  the  engine  house  near  by,  after  being  heated  to 
something  like  90  degrees  Fahrenheit.  The  managers  of  Lincoln 
Park  have  the  honor  of  being  the  first  to  bring  these  wonderful  lilies 
to  Chicago.  The  greenhouse  at  Lincoln  Park  is  now  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  beautiful  in  the  country.  The  new  palm  house,  re- 
ferred to  elsewhere,  is  completed.  The  propagating  departments  are 
themselves  worthy  of  the  attention  of  all  lovers  of  plants  and  plant 
culture.  Some  magnificent  chrysanthemums,  ferns,  and  orchids  are 
seen  here.  More  people  visit  Lincoln  Park  greenhouses  than  any  of 
the  others. 

Nothing  could  excel  the  delicious  sense  of  refined  taste  pervading 
the  conservatory  at  Washington  Park,  with  its  bank  of  chrysanthe- 
mums presenting  a  symphony  in  color,  its  aquarium  half  hidden  be- 
neath the  delicately  traced  fern  fronds  that  spring  from  the  margin 
and  gracefully  bend  and  reflect  in  the  mirrored  surface,  and  its  giant 
palms  forming  leafy  frescades  suggestive  of  tropical  luxuriance  and 
love-making.  That  remarkable  aquatic  production,  the  water  hya- 
cinth, is  cultivated  here  extensively,  and  the  round  balls  are  seen  like 
Limniades,  or,  what  are  more  generally  known,  ducks,  swimming 
about  in  the  basins  on  top  of  the  water.  Upon  entering  the  green- 
house the  large  stock  of  diminutive  variegated-leaved  plants  intended 
for  next  summer's  lawn  decorations  are  observed  in  a  room  by  them- 
selves, laid  off  systematically  in  designs,  so  as  to  make  a  pretty  dis- 
play, thus  utilizing  a  hitherto  neglected  agent  for  indoor  ornamenta- 
tion. In  the  cactus-room  is  a  great  assortment  of  that  peculiar  plant. 
A  striking  novelty  in  the  palm-room  is  a  plant  from  the  West  Indies 
bearing  an  edible  fruit.  The  fruit  is  said  to  be  like  honey,  quite 
palatable  and  much  sought  by  natives  of  the  islands,  but  owing  to  the 


PARK  SYSTEM. 


155 


frailty  of  its  rind  it  cannot  be  successfully  transported  to  this  country. 
The  outside  covering  resembles  that  of  the  American  custard  apple 
or  pawpaw. 

One  of  the  most  popular  conservatories  in  the  public  parks  is 
that  at  Garfield.  Here  is  to  be  found  one  of  the  largest  assortments 
of  orchids  in  the  city.  The  greenhouse  contains  a  date  palm  of 


SCENE    IN   LINCOLN   PARK. 

extraordinary  dimensions — probably  the  largest  specimen  of  that  par- 
ticular variety  of  palm  in  all  Chicago.  The  stock  of  agaves  or  cen- 
tury plants  is  very  full,  and  one  of  these  plants,  the  gardener  asserts, 
is  known  to  be  thirty-two  years  old. 

Decidedly  the  handsomest  and  costliest  conservatory  at  any  of 
the  parks  is  the  new  $50,000  edifice  recently  erected  by  the  West 
Chicago  Board  of  Commissioners  at  Douglas  Park.  The  new  build- 


156      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE   TO   THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


ing  is  filled  with  an  immense  quantity  of  rare  plants.  In  the  east 
wing  is  a  large  circular  basin  of  water,  in  which  are  grown  aquatic 
productions,  including  the  Victoria  Regia  lily.  Last  summer  this 
plant  flourished  in  the  basin  in  a  way  it  has  never  been  known  to  do 
before  in  the  city,  its  leaves  having  reached  the  remarkable  size  of 
feet.  Above  the  basin  and  ranged  in  a  circle  around  the  margin 


LINCOLN   PARK  SCENERY. 

are  suspended  in  baskets  a  splendid  collection  of  that  unique  exotic, 
the  pitcher  plant,  nearly  all  of  them  in  bloom  and  no  two  alike. 

A  eucalyptus,  growing  in  free  ground  indoors,  measuring  47  feet 
in  height,  is  one  of  the  numerous  attractive  sights  to  be  witnessed  in 
the  famous  Humboldt  Park  conservatory.  The  greenhouses  at  Hum- 
boldt  are  among  the  largest  and  handsomest  to  be  found  anywhere. 
At  the  threshold  are  caught  glimpses  of  banks  of  color  and  vistas  of 
verdure  of  the  most  entrancing  character,  and  the  air  is  richly  per- 


158      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

fumed  by  heliotrope,  tuberose,  and  orange  blossoms — a  veritable  para- 
dise. In  the  palm-room,  the  central  plateau  resembles  a  miniature 
tropical  forest,  and  ranged  around  this  are  fern-covered  and  vine-clad 
rockeries  calculated  to  revive  memories  of  dense  woodlands.  The 
fernery,  a  separate  room,  is,  without  doubt,  one  of  the  most  artistic 
creations  of  the  conservatory,  being  arranged  to  show  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage those  lovely  contrasts  which  are  a  prominent  peculiarity  in 
the  foliage  of  this  class  of  plants. 

SOUTH  PARKS. — Washington  Park,  Jackson  Park  and  Mid- 
way Plaisance  are  known  collectively  and  familiarly  as  "The  South 
Parks."  The  cost  to  the  city  of  the  ground  which  they  cover  was 
$3,208,000.  They  are  as  yet  in  their  infancy,  but  even  now  they 
rank  among  the  finest  parks  in  the  world. 

DOUGLAS  PARK. — Area,  179.79  acres;  situated  four  miles 
southwest  of  the  Court-house  ;  bounded  on  the  north  by  West  Twelfth 
street,  on  the  south  by  West  Nineteenth  street,  on  the  east  by  Cali- 
fornia avenue  and  on  the  west  by  Albany  avenue.  The  district  in 
the  vicinity  of  this  park  was  almost  entirely  destitute  of  residences 
ten  years  ago.  Within  a  decade  it  has  been  built  up,  however,  until 
those  who  have  not  visited  the  section  for  four  or  five  years,  or  even 
two  years,  would  hardly  recognize  it  as  the  same.  The  popularity  of 
the  park,  which  has  always  been  a  beautiful  piece  of  ground,  has  in- 
creased with  the  growth  of  the  neighborhood  and  the  improvement  of 
the  streets  and  drives  in  the  vicinity.  Douglas  Park  is  beautifully 
laid  out,  well  wooded  and  admirably  situated.  It  has  been  cared  for 
nicely  of  late  years,  and  its  lawns  and  flower  beds  bear  evidence  of 
skillful  attention.  Some  of  the  avenues  through  this  park  are  not 
surpassed  by  any  in  the  city.  The  lake  covers  an  area  of  seventeen 
acres.  There  is  a  handsome  boat-house  and  refectory  here.  Douglas 
Park  also  has  a  medicinal  artesian  well  with  properties  similar  to 
those  at  Garfield  and  Humboldt  Parks.  The  conservatories  and 
propagating  houses  are  among  the  largest  of  the  system.  Vast  im- 
provements are  promised  for  Douglas  Park  within  the  next  two  years. 

DREXEL  BOULEVARD. — The  eastern  entrance  to  Washing- 


PARK  SYSTEM. 


J59 


ton  Park  commences  at  Oakwood  boulevard  and  the  junction  of  Cot- 
tage Grove  avenue  and  Thirty-ninth  street.  It  is  a  double  driveway, 
200  feet  wide  for  its  entire  length,  running  south  to  Drexel  avenue 
and  southwest  from  that  point  to  the  park.  Through  the  centre  is  a 
wide  strip  of  sward,  covered  here  and  there  with  beautiful  shrubs, 
rose  bushes  and  mounds.  Upon  the  latter,  which  are  interspersed 


LINCOLN   PARK    FLOWER    BEDS. 

with  flower-beds  of  beautiful  design  appear,  during  the  summer  sea- 
son, unique  figures  wrought  from  flowers  and  foliage,  and  which 
attract  thousands  of  sight-seers  annually.  At  the  intersection  of 
Drexel  avenue  is  a  magnificent  bronze  fountain,  presented  by  the 
Messrs.  Drexel  of  Philadelphia,  in  memory  of  their  father,  after 
whom  the  boulevard  was  named.  On  either  side  of  the  driveways 
are  to  be  seen  some  of  the  handsomest  mansions  and  prettiest  villas 
of  Chicago. 


160      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO   THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


GAKFIELD  PARK. — Area  185.87  acres,  situated  four  miles  di- 
rectly west  of  the  Court-house ;  bounded  by  Madison  street  on  the 
south,  Lake  street  on  the  north,  and  running  a  mile  and  a  half  west  from 
the  head  of  Washington  boulevard.  This  was  formerly  known  as 
Central  Park.  The  name  was  changed  in  memory  of  President  Gar- 
field.  The  lake  in  the  centre  of  the  park  covers  an  area  of  17  acres. 


IN   GARFIELD   PARK. 

The  park  is  extremely  picturesque,  the  drives  and  promenades  being 
laid  out  in  the  most  enchanting  manner.  The  boat-house  is  one  of 
the  finest  to  be  seen  in  the  park  system.  There  is  a  handsome  foun- 
tain here,  the  gift  of  Mrs.  Mancel  Talcott,  and  an  artesian  well  which 
furnishes  half  the  city  with  medicinal  mineral  water.  It  is  2,200 
feet  deep,  and  discharges  at  the  rate  of  150  gallons  per  minute.  The 
water  is  recommended  for  anaemia,  diseases  of  the  stomach  and  kid- 
neys, and  rheumatic  disorders.  Garfield  Park  is  beautiful  as  it  is,  but 


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162      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

just  at  present  it  is  receiving  the  attention  of  West  Side  citizens,  who 
contemplate  making  many  improvements. 

JACKSOX  PARK. — Area  586  acres  ;  about  eight  miles  from  the 
Court-house ;  bounded  by  Lake  Michigan  on  the  east ;  Stony  Island 
avenue  on  the  west ;  Fifty-sixth  street  on  the  north,  and  Sixty- 
seventh  street  on  the  south.  This  beautiful  park  has  been  brought 
into  great  prominence  of  late  by  reason  of  its  selection  as  the  site  for 
a  portion  of  the  Columbian  Exposition.  About  one- third  of  the  park 
has  been  improved  up  to  the  present  year,  although  immense  works 
have  been  in  progress  for  some  time  in  preparing  the  unimproved 
portion  for  the  public.  These  works  include  excavating  and  dredg- 
ing for  the  chain  of  lakes  which  are  to  have  connection  with  Lake 
Michigan  ;  bridge  and  breakwater  construction ;  leveling  and  em- 
banking, and  landscape  gardening  on  an  extensive  scale,  the  im- 
proved portion  of  the  park  at  the  northern  end.  Here  there  is  a 
broad  stretch  of  sward  which  has  been  used  frequently  as  a  parade 
ground  by  the  militia,  and  by  large  picnic  parties.  This  is  sur- 
rounded or  hemmed  in  by  a  wooded  avenue  of  great  beauty,  which 
opens  iipon  a  sea-wall  and  a  beautiful  view  of  Lake  Michigan. 
There  is  erected  here  an  immense  shelter,  of  great  architectural 
beauty,  where  thousands  may,  on  occasion,  be  protected  either  from 
the  heat  of  the  sun  or  from  a  sudden  rainfall.  The  trees  and  shrub- 
bery in  the  improved  part  of  the  park,  as  well  as  the  flowers,  are  very 
attractive,  although  the  variety  which  one  finds  in  some  of  the  other 
parks  is  lacking.  The  number  of  trees  and  shrubs  in  the  unimproved 
portion  is  comparatively  small.  About  Sixty-first  street  there  is  one 
clump  of  oaks  and  maple,  shot  here  and  there  with  bunches  of  fiery 
sumac.  There  is  another  and  a  larger  grove  west  and  north  of  this. 
Beyond  there,  except  for  a  few  small  bunches  and  a  fringe  along  the 
west  fence,  the  unimproved  portion  is  unbroken  by  wood. 

LAKE  SHORE  DRIVE. — This  is  the  grandest  boulevard  drive 
in  Chicago.  Beginning  at  North  Side  Water-Works  on  Pine  street, 
its  skirts  the  lake  to  the  northern  extremities  of  Lincoln  Park,  where 
it  connects  with  Sheridan  road,  which  is  nearly  completed  for  25 


PARK  SYSTEM.  163 


miles  along  the  north  shore.      Before  reaching  the  park  some  of  the 
most  magnificent  mansions  in  the  city  are  passed  on  the  left.     On  the 
right  is  a  fringe  of  sward,  dotted  with  flower-beds  and  covered  with 
beautiful  foliage  in  the  summer  months.     The  lake  beats  against  an 
embankment  to  the  right,  and  frequently  the  spray  is  dashed  across 
the  flower-beds  when  the  sea  is  high.     Reaching  the  park  you  pass 
through  beautiful  avenues  until  you  strike  the  drive  again.     Here 
vast  improvements    are   being   made.      Some   years   ago   the  State 
Legislature  gave  the  Lincoln  Park  Commissioners  the  right  to  issue 
bonds  for  $300,000  with  which  to  defend  the  shore  line  against  the 
encroachments  of  storm-tossed  Lake  Michigan.     With  that  sum  as  a 
nucleus  the  commissioners  designed  and  began  work  on  a  system  of 
improvements  which,  when  completed,  will  have  cost  a  sum  many 
times  that  raised  from  the  original  issue  of  bonds.     Enough  has  now 
been  finished  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the  work  as  it  will  appear  when 
a  continuous  sea-wall  will  extend  from  Ohio  street  to  almost  the  ex- 
treme northern  limit  of  the  city.     The  work  was  commenced  ,in  the 
Spring  of  1888  at  the  foot  of  North  avenue.     Several  hundred  feet 
out  in  the  lake  a  line  of  piles  was  driven.     Powerful  dredging-ma- 
chines  were  placed  in  position  and  slowly  but  surely  acre  after  acre 
was  reclaimed  from  the  lake.     It  is  at  this  point  that  the  Lake  Shore 
Drive  joins  the  boulevard  now  in  course  of  construction.     It  will  be 
finished  this  year.     The  breakwater  proper  rests  on  piles  driven  thirty- 
five  feet  into  the  sand.     On  this  foundation  granite  blocks  are  laid 
and  securely  cemented.     Back  of  this  starts  the  paved  beach,  forty 
feet  in  width,  slanting  at  an  angle  of  about  twenty  degrees  until  it 
meets  the  granilethic  promenade.     This  promenade  is  the  most  at- 
tractive feature  of  the  improvement  and  is  destined  to  become  famous. 
Imagine  a  twenty-foot  promenade,  smooth  as  glass,  three  miles  in 
length,  with  Lake  Michigan  vainly  striving  to  scale  the  paved  beach 
to  the  east  of  it,  and  a  grand  boulevard  lined  with  carriages  to  the 
west  of  it ;  a  promenade  commanding  on  one  side  a  magnificent  view 
of  the  lake,  and  on  the  other  a  prospective  of  Lincoln  Park  with  all  its 
natural  and  acquired  beauties.     There  is  nothing  rigid  in  the  lines  of 


Iti4     PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 

the  promenade  or  boulevard.  Without  detracting  from  the  attractive- 
ness of  the  sweeping  crescent  described  by  the  sea-wall  at  Jackson 
Park,  it  must  be  said  that  the  sinnous  curves  marking  the  contour  of 
the  Lincoln  Park  beach,  promenade,  boulevard  and  canal,  are  more 
artistic  and  pleasing.  The  old  shore-line  has  been  followed  as  nearly 
as  possible.  It  is  hard  to  improve  on  nature.  With  the  shifting 
sands  as  the  only  obstacle  to  cheer  their  course,  the  waves  have 
drawn  along  the  beach  curves  such  as  would  delight  a  follower  of 
Hogarth.  When  they  planned  the  outlines  of  the  drive- way  the  com- 
missioners wisely  decided  to  follow  nature.  They  have  made  no 
mistake.  The  objective  point  is  Diversey  avenue,  the  northern  limit 
of  the  park.  Here  the  regatta  course  will  end,  but  the  sea-wall  and 
boulevard  will  be  continued  by  the  people  of  Lake  View,  who  propose 
to  make  the  Sheridan  Road  and  the  Lake  Shore  Drive  continuous. 
The  sea-wall  will  be  extended  to  Byron  avenue,  opposite  Graceland 
Cemetery.  It  is  thought  that  the  paik  commissioners  will  be  able  to 
complete  their  part  of  the  work  by  the  commencement  of  next  winter. 
They  will  then  have  added  100  acres  to  the  area  of  the  park,  and  have 
given  to  Chicago  a  boulevard  and  regatta  course  unequaled  in  the 
world.  Between  the  new  boulevard  and  the  park  there  will  be  three 
connecting  points.  There  will  be  land  connection  at  the  north  and 
south  ends  of  the  park  and  a  bridge  at  a  point  opposite  Webster  avenue. 
The  canal  will  connect  with  the  lake  at  two  points,  one  opposite 
Wisconsin  street  and  the  other  at  Fulton  avenue.  The  boulevard  will 
cross  these  connections  on  steel  swinging  bridges  of  a  special  construc- 
tion. It  will  be  several  years  before  the  dreams  of  the  designer  will  be 
fully  realized.  Rows  of  shade  trees  will  be  planted  to  the  east  of  the 
boulevard,  and  between  the  trees  and  the  edge  of  the  regatta  course  the 
sloping  lawn  will  be  beautified  in  the  highest  style  of  the  landscape 
gardener's  art.  Between  the  west  shore  of  the  regatta  course  and  the 
present  Lake  Shore  Drive  is  a  tract  of  land  now  piled  high  with  stone 
and  pine  bark.  This  will  be  made  one  of  the  finest  features  of  the 
park.  Planked  thus  on  either  side  by  verdure-decked  banks,  the  canal 
will  wind  its  sinuous  course  towards  what  was  Fisher's  garden.  \± 


ABSTRACT   BUILDING, 


166      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  7V  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

no  point  will  this  placid  stretch  of  water  be  less  than  150  feet  in 
width,  while  the  average  is  nearer  200.  At  the  ends  it  is  widened  to 
350  feet,  so  as  to  permit  boats  to  make  a  sweeping  turn.  Hardly  less 
important  is  the  improvement  contemplated  by  the  Lincoln  Park 
Commissioners  and  the  property  owners  who  own  the  land  fronting 
the  lake  between  Elm  and  Oak  streets.  The  sea-wall  ends  at  Elm 
street  on  the  south.  With  it  the  Lake  Shore  Drive  practically  comes 
to  an  end.  The  problem  which  has  ever  confronted  the  boards  of 
park  commissioners  is  to  connect  the  North  and  South  Side  boulevard 
systems.  In  a  recent  message  to  the  city  council,  Mayor  Cregier 
suggested  that  Michigan  boulevard  be  connected  with  a  viaduct  ex- 
tending over  the  Illinois  Central  tracks  and  crossing  the  river  at  some 
point  between  Rush  street  and  the  lake.  An  expensive  plan  ;  there 
seems  to  be  no  other  available.  It  is  proposed  to  swing  the  boulevard 
out  into  the  lake,  starting  at  Elm  street.  It  will  curve  out  1,000  feet 
from  the  present  line  and  strike  the  existing  beach  at  the  foot  of  Ohio 
street.  The  Lake  Shore  Drive  has  for  years  been  the  fashionable 
rendezvous  of  the  North  Side.  Thousands  of  carriages  line  the  beau- 
tiful embankment  on  summer  afternoons. 

LJXCOL.N  PARK. — Area,  250  acres,  two  and  a  half  miles  in 
width  by  one  and  a  half  miles  in  length  ;  bounded  by  Lake  Michigan 
on  the  east ;  Clark  street  on  the  west ;  North  avenue  on  the  north, 
and  Diversey  street  on  the  south.  The  southern  portion  was  formerly 
a  cemetery  tomb  of  the  Couch  family  remains ;  all  others  were  long 
since  removed.  First  board  of  commissioners  appointed  in  1869,  since 
which  time  it  has  been  under  State  supervision.  There  is  embraced 
within  this  small  piece  of  territory  perhaps  more  attractions  than  can 
be  found  in  any  park  of  the  country.  Where  nature  left  off  art  began, 
and  the  two  have  contributed  toward  making  Lincoln  Park  the  most 
charming  in  the  city.  The  visitor  will  be  delighted  with  the  undu- 
lating character  of  the  ground,  the  gracefully  winding  and  curving 
avenues,  which  stretch  out  in  every  direction ;  the  beautiful  lakes, 
the  handsome  bridges,  the  splendid  foliage,  the  magnificent  statuary, 
the  gorgeous  banks,  beds  and  avenues  of  choicest  flowers,  the  rare  and 


PARK  SYSTEM. 


167 


wonderful  shrubbery,  the  pretty  little  dells,  knolls  and  nooks,  that 
lie  half  concealed  beneath  the  noble  trees,  and  last,  though  not  least, 
with  the  zoological  collection,  which  has  contributed  in  no  small  de- 
gree toward  making  Lincoln  Park  famous.  Here  we  find  the  Grant 
monument,  facing  Lake  Michigan  on  the  Lake  Shore  drive.  This 
magnificent  work  of  art  was  presented  by  the  citizens  of  Chicago, 
and  cost  $100,000.  Here,  also,  is  the  Lincoln  statue,  by  St.  Gaudieur, 
facing  the  main  entrance,  a  splendid  likeness  of  the  great  president, 


IN  LINCOLN   PARK. 

and  pronounced  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  sculpture  in  the  world. 
This  statue  cost  $50,000,  and  was  presented,  together  with  a  drinking 
fountain,  by  the  late  Eli  Bates.  Here,  also,  are  the  "Indian  Group" 
in  bronze,  presented  by  the  late  Martin  Ryerson ;  the  La  Salle  monu- 
ment, presented  by  Lambert  Tree,  and  the  Schiller  monument,  pre- 
sented by  German  residents  of  Chicago.  An  entire  day  may  be  spent 
pleasantly  by  the  visitor  in  Lincoln  Park.  The  great  conservatories, 


168      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

flower-beds  and  zoological  collection,  can  hardly  be  seen  in  less  time. 
There  is  a  comfortable  refectory  in  the  boat-house  on  the  main  lake. 

LINCOLN  PARK  PALM-HOUSE. — The  plan  of  the  palm-house 
just  erected  at  Lincoln  Park,  drawn  by  Architect  Silsbee,  shows  a 
beautiful  structure  of  steel  and  glass,  light,  airy  and  picturesque, 
sixty  feet  high,  resting  upon  a  bowlder  foundation  of  split  granite. 
The  main  building  is  168x70  feet,  with  a  rear  extension  of  seventy 
feet,  making  the  entire  length  of  the  structure  238  feet.  In  front  of 
the  main  building  there  is  to  be  a  lobby  25x60  feet,  which  is  ap- 
proached by  a  vestibule  twenty  feet  square.  The  interior  of  the 
main  building  shows  an  unbroken  stretch,  save  a  few  light  support- 
ing iron  columns  for  the  glass  roof.  The  conservatory  is  in  the  rear 
of  the  palm-house.  It  is  thirty  feet  wide.  At  the  extreme  north  end 
is  a  room  30x60  feet,  which  will  be  exclusively  devoted  to  the  cul- 
ture of  orchids.  This  room  will  be  further  beautified  by  a  sort  of 
observatory  tower  built  of  pressed  brick  and  terra-cotta  trimmings. 
The  building  will  be  erected  on  two  terraces  northeast  of  the  present 
canal  vista  and  the  animal's  summer  quarters.  The  terraces  occupy 
the  space  due  north  of  the  present  green-houses.  The  latter  struc- 
ture will  be  removed  as  soon  as  the  new  palm-house  is  completed. 
The  main  approach  to  the  palm-house  will  be  from  the  floral  gardens. 
The  new  house  will  cost  $60,000. 

MICHIGAN  AVENUE  BOULEVARD. — Michigan  avenue, 
from  Jackson  street  on  the  north  to  Thirty-fifth  street  on  the  south, 
a  distance  of  three  and  a  quarter  miles.  It  is  100  feet  wide  from  curb 
to  curb,  and  skirts  the  Lake  Front  Park,  the  site  for  a  portion  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition.  Formerly  the  ultra  fashionable  residence 
street  of  the  city.  Now  undergoing  a  transformation. 

OAK  WOOD  BOULEA'ARD.— Connects  Drexel  and  Grand 
boulevards ;  100  feet  wide  and  half  a  mile  long.  It  enters  Grand 
boulevard  at  Thirty-ninth  street,  and  touches  Drexel  boulevard  at  its 
intersection  with  Cottage  Grove  avenue. 

WASHINGTON  BOULEVARD. — The  continuation  of  West 
Washington  street,  west  from  Halsted  street  to  Garfield  Park,  and 


170      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO   THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


the  driveway  from  the  center  of  the  city  to  the  parks  and  boulevards 
of  the  West  Park  System.  Passes  through  Union  Park,  a  beautiful 
square.  This  boulevard  is  lined  for  the  entire  distance  of  nearly 
three  miles  with  handsome  residences.  Large  shade  trees  and  a  con- 
tinuous strip  of  green  sward  fringe  either  side  of  the  avenue.  On 
Washington  boulevard  are  many  fine  churches.  The  Chicago  Theo- 


SCENE  IN   LINCOLN   PARK. 

logical  Seminary  is  passed  at  Union  Park  and  Warren  avenues,  the 
Episcopalian  Seminary  on  the  north  side,  west  of  California  avenue. 
WASHINGTON  PARK.— Area,  371  acres;  situated  about  one 
and  a  quarter  miles  west  of  Lake  Michigan  and  about  six  and  a  half 
miles  southeast  of  the  Court-house  ;  bounded  on  the  east  by  Kanka- 
kee  avenue,  on  the  west  by  Cottage  Grove  avenue,  on  the  North  by 
Fifty-first  street  and  on  the  south  by  Sixtieth  street.  The  finest  of 
Chicago's  parks,  more  by  reason  of  its  magnificent  entrances,  Drexel 


PARK  SYSTEM.  \-\ 


and  Grand  boulevards,  than  by  any  great  natural  or  artificial  attrac- 
tion of  its  own,  although  its  flower  beds  are  the  most  beautiful  of 
any.  It  lacks  many  of  the  advantages  which  are  enjoyed  by  Lincoln 
and  Jackson  Parks,  the  contiguity  of  the  lake  being  of  itself  one  of 
the  greatest  charms  of  the  two  last  named.  It  can  not  boast  of  a  zoo- 
logical garden  that  will  compare  with  Lincoln  Park,  nor  of  the 
magnificent  monuments  that  are  making  the  north  shore  park  classi- 
cal ground.  But  South  Park  has  statelier  trees,  grander  avenues, 
more  sweeping  perspectives,  more  charming  drives  than  any  other 
park  in  the  city.  It  has  the  famous  "Meadow,"  a  stretch  of  velvety 
sward  that  covers  100  acres  and  the  "Mere,"  with  its  thirteen  acres 
of  water,  picturesquely  sparkling  behind  long  lines  of  ancient  oaks 
and  elms,  and  bathing  the  emerald  banks  of  the  mounds  and  knolls 
which  almost  conceal  it  from  the  view  of  the  passing  visitor.  It  has 
also  its  great  conservatory  and  its  splendid  stables,  which  cover  325  x 
200  feet.  It  has  its  delightful  refectory,  known  as  the  ' '  Retreat, ' ' 
where  refreshments  are  served  for  man  and  beast,  but  its  flower  gar- 
dens are  its  greatest  boast.  During  the  months  between  May  and 
November,  the  best  exhibition  of  the  landscape  gardening  art  in  the 
world  are  seen.  Flowers  and  foliage  are  made  to  do,  in  the  hands  of 
the  gardener,  what  the  brush  and  palette  accomplish  for  the  artist. 
The  designs  are  changed  annually,  and  are  always  original,  always 
interesting  and  always  lovely. 


1/2 


BOARD    OI:    TRADE. 


THE 


WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


173 


174 


PART    IV. 

THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 

THE  idea  of  holding  a  World's  Fair  at  some  point  in  the  United 
States,  in  celebration  of  the  four  hundreth  anniversary  of  the 
discovery  of  America  by  Columbus,  was  first  seriously  consid- 
ered in  the  summer  of  1889,  and  it  quickly  received  popular  approval. 
As  soon  as  it  seemed  probable  that  such  a  Fair  would  be  held,  several 
cities,  notably  New  York,  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  Washington,  en- 
tered into  a  spirited  rivalry  to  be  designated  as  the  place  of  its  loca- 
tion, and  urged  their  respective  claims  before  Congress  with  all  the 
force  and  influence  they  could  command.  It  was  apparent  from  the 
start,  almost,  that  either  New  York  or  Chicago,  would  be  selected. 
Chicago,  with  characteristic  energy,  formed  an  organization — The 
World's  Fair  Columbian  Exposition,  embracing  the  most  substantial 
business  men,  raised  more  than  $5,000,000  by  subscription,  and 
pledged  itself  to  increase  the  amount  to  $10,000,000  to  be  expended  in 
behalf  of  the  fair.  Chicago's  superiority  in  many  respects  as  a  place 
for  holding  the  Exposition  was  admitted,  and  after  some  discussion 
she  was  selected. 

The  buildings  of  The  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  as  pro- 
vided by  Act  of  Congress,  were  to  be  dedicated  on  October  2ist, 
1892,  the  recognized  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  America  by 
Christopher  Columbus.  The  Exposition,  which  will  be  the  greatest 
universal  fair  the  world  has  ever  seen,  will  be  formally  opened  to  the 
public  on  May  I,  1893.  The  gates  will  be  closed  October  26,  1893. 
Everything  will  be  in  readiness  for  each  of  these  events.  The  pre- 
paration for  the  dedicator}'  ceremonies  have  been  made  upon  an 
elaborate  scale,  and  the  great  buildings  of  the  exposition  will  be  com- 
pleted and  opened  for  the  reception  of  the  exhibits  at  the  time 
named.  From  October  2ist,  1892  to  May  ist,  1893,  the  work  of  re- 
ceiving and  placing  exhibits,  and  in  making  ready  generally  for  the 
opening  of  the  display  will  be  carried  on  without  intermission. 

The  management  of  the  Exposition  includes  four  organizations ; 

i.   NATIONAL  COMMISSION  (authorized  by  Act  of  Congress). 

175 


176      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


2.  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION  (organized  under  laws  of 
State  of  Illinois). 

3.  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS  (authorized  by  Act  of  Congress). 

4.  WORLD'S  CONGRESS  AUXILIARY. 

The  National  Commission,  which  is  a  supervisory  body  is  com- 
posed of  eight  commissioners — at  large,  with  alternates,  appointed 
by  the  President,  and  two  commissioners  and  two  alternates  from 
each  State  and  Territory  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  appointed  by 
the  President  on  nomination  of  their  respective  Governors.  This  com- 
mission has  held  four  sessions,  and  has  now  practically  delegated  its 
authority  to  eight  of  its  members  who  constitute  a  Board  of  Refer- 
ence and  Control,  and  who  act  with  a  similar  number  selected  from 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  as  its  corporate  name  reads,  is 
composed  of  forty-five  citizens  of  Chicago,  elected  annually  by  the 
stockholders  of  the  organization.  To  this  body  falls  the  duty  of 
raising  the  necessary  funds  and  of  the  active  management  of  the 
Exposition.  Its  committees  supervise  the  various  departments  into 
which  the  work  has  been  divided. 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  is  composed  of  two  members,  with 
alternates,  from  each  State  and  Territory,  and  nine  from  the  city  of 
Chicago.  It  has  supervision  of  woman's  participation  in  the  Exposi- 
tion and  of  whatever  exhibits  of  woman's  work  may  be  made.  The 
participation  of  women  in  the  Exposition  promises  to  be  one  of  its 
most  interesting  as  well  as  novel  features.  With  a  commodious  and 
imposing  building,  designed  by  a  young  lady  architect,  and  with 
abundance  of  money,  and  with  full  recognition,  indorsement  and  aid 
by  the  United  States  Government,  and  the  Exposition  Directory,  the 
women  have  an  opportunity  of  showing  in  the  most  signal  manner, 
the  condition  of  their  sex  throughout  the  world,  what  are  the  achieve- 
ments of  woman  in  the  various  branches  of  human  endeavor,  and 
what  is  her  adaptability  to  different  occupations  and  lines  of  indus- 
trial and  charitable  work.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Board's  Presi- 
dent, Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  the  work  of  organization,  and  of  enlisting 
the  interest  of  women  throughout  the  United  States  and  in  foreign 
countries,  has  progressed  to  a  most  satisfactory  stage. 

The  World's  Congress  Auxiliary  is  an  authorized  adjunct  of  the 
World's  Fair,  and  aims  to  supplement  the  exposition  which  that  will 
make  of  the  material  progress  of  the  world  by  a  portrayal  of  the 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSniOX.  177 

"  wonderful  achievements  of  the  new  age  in  science,  literature,  edu- 
cation, government,  jurisprudence,  morals,  charity,  religion  and  other 
departments  of  human  activity,  as  the  most  effective  means  of  increas- 
ing the  fraternity,  progress,  prosperity  and  peace  of  mankind. "  This 
constitutes  the  intellectual  and  moral  branch  of  the  Exposition.  Its 
motto  is,  "  Not  matter,  but  mind,"  and  it  is  organized  to  provide  for 
the  presentation,  by  papers,  addresses  and  discussion,  of  the  mental 
and  moral  status  and  achievements  of  the  human  race.  Under  its 
auspices,  a  series  of  congresses  will  be  held  in  Chicago  during  the 
progress  of  the  Exposition,  in  which,  it  is  already  assured,  will  par- 
ticipate a  great  many  of  the  ablest  living  representatives  in  the  vari- 
ous fields  of  intellectual  effort  and  moral  endeavor.  The  auxiliary 
embraces  between  fifteen  and  twenty  main  departments,  such  as 
literature,  government,  education,  music,  science,  art,  engineering, 
etc.,  in  each  of  which  are  subdivisions.  A  program  is  being  arranged 
for  congress  in  each  of  these  departments  and  divisions,  in  which 
specialists  and  advanced  thinkers  may  participate  in  discussing  the  vital 
and  important  questions,  and  presenting  the  best  and  latest  achieve- 
ments of  the  human  mind  in  each.  During  the  Exposition,  the  aux- 
iliary will  have  the  use  of  a  magnificent  permanent  art  palace,  which 
the  Chicago  Art  Institute,  aided  by  the  Exposition  Directory,  erects  on 
the  lake  front.  This  will  have  two  large  audience  rooms,  each  of 
3, 500  capacity,  and  from  twenty  to  thirty  smaller  rooms,  of  capacity 
ranging  from  300  to  750.  The  great  Auditorium -will  also  be  utilized 
for  the  larger  congresses,  and  numerous  other  halls  are  available 
when  required.  Each  congress  will  be  supervised  by  a  committee  of 
persons  actively  interested  in  its  particular  field,  acceptance  of  such 
responsibility  having  already  been  given.  The  prospects  are  that 
fully  100  congresses  altogether  will  be  held.  It  is  the  intention  to 
publish  their  proceedings  in  enduring  form. 

I.  The  grounds  of  fraternal  union  in  the  language,  literature, 
domestic  life,  religion,  science,  art,  and  civil  institutions  of  different 
peoples. 

II.  The  economic,  industrial  and  financial  problems  of  the  age. 

III.  Educational  systems,    their  advantages  and  their  defects ; 
and  the  means  by  which  they  may  be  adapted  to  the  recent  enormous 
increase  in  all  departments  of  knowledge. 

IV.  The  practicability  of  a  common  language,   for  use  in  the 
commercial  relations  of  the  civilized  world. 

12 


178      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


V.  International  copyright  and  the  laws  of  intellectual  property 
and  commerce. 

VI.  Immigration  and  naturalization  laws,  and  the  proper  inter- 
national   privileges  of    alien    governments,   and    their   subjects,   or 
citizens. 

VII.  The  most  efficient  and  advisable  means  of  preventing  or 
decreasing  pauperism,  insanity  and  crime  ;  and  of  increasing  produc- 
tive ability,  prosperity  and  virtue  throughout  the  world. 

VIII.  International  law  as  a  bond  of  union   and  a  mea.ns  of 
mutual  protection ;  and  how  it  may  best  be  enlarged,  perfected  and 
authoritatively  expressed. 

IX.  The  establishment  of  the  principles  of  judicial  justice,   as 
the  supreme  law  of  international  relations,  and  the  general  substitu- 
tion of  arbitration  for  war  in  the  settlement  of  international  contro- 
versies. 

The  Director  General  is  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  Ex- 
position, and  the  work  is  divided  into  the  following  great  departments: 

A.  Agriculture,  Food  and  Food  Products.     Farming  Machinery 
and  Appliances. 

B.  Viticulture,  Horticulture,  and  Floriculture. 

C.  Live-stock,  Domestic  and  Wild  Animals. 

D.  Fish,  Fisheries,  Fish  Products  and  Apparatus  of  Fishing. 

E.  Mines,  Mining  and  Metallurgy. 

F.  Machinery. 

G.  Transportation  Exhibit :  Railways,  Vessels,  Vehicles. 
H.  Manufactures. 

J.  Electricity  and  Electrical  Appliances. 

K.  Fine  Arts :  Pictorial,  Plastic  and  Decorative. 

L.  Liberal  Arts,  Education,  Engineering,  Public  Works,  Archi- 
tecture, Music  and  the  Drama. 

M.  Ethnology,  Archaeology,  Progress  of  Labor  and  Invention, 
and  Collective  Exhibits. 

N.   Forestry  and  Forest  Products. 

O,   Publicity  and  Promotion. 

P.  Foreign  Affairs. 

It  is  hard  to  realize  the  magnitude  and  magnificence  of  this  dis- 
play because  there  has  never  been  anything  of  the  kind  that  can  be 
compared  to  it. 

Looking  over  the  list  of  great  international  fairs,  we  see  at  once 


o 

X 


H 

02 


180      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


that  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1889  was  the  largest  in  every  way  ever 
held  ;  and  while  (even  this  being  the  case)  no  comparison  can  be 
made,  yet  the  figures  of  the  one  and  the  plans  of  the  other  will  be  of 
interest. 

The  figures  showing  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  Paris  Ex- 
position are  briefly:  Receipts,  $9,900,000;  expenses,  $8,300,000; 
profit,  $1,600,000. 

The  Champ  de  Mars  was  selected  as  the  site  of  the  fair.  The 
total  space  occupied  was  173  acres.  The  Machinery  Palace,  the 
largest  structure  on  the  ground,  measured  1,378  feet  in  length,  406 
feet  in  width  and  166  feet  in  height.  This  building  alone  cost  $i,- 
500,000  and  covered  eleven  acres.  The  Palace  of  Arts  cost  $1,350,- 
ooo,  the  Palace  of  the  French  Section  $1,150,000,  and  the  improve- 
ments in  the  parks  and  gardens,  $16,500,000.  Besides  the  buildings 
and  ornaments  devised  and  provided  by  the  Exposition  management, 
nearly  all  nations  contributed  to  the  architecture.  The  Indian 
dwellings,  street  in  Algiers,  houses  of  New  Caledonia,  Tunisian  Min- 
aret, Turkish  village,  English  dairies,  Dutch  bakeries,  etc.,  which 
were  scattered  over  the  park  were  very  attractive.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  mention  the  Eiffel  Tower,  of  which  so  much  has  been 
written.  The  structure  is  984  feet  high,  and  has  occupied  a  more 
prominent  place  than  any  other  attraction  in  Paris  for  the  past  three 
years.  The  number  of  exhibitors  was  55,000,  the  largest  number 
that  has  ever  contributed  to  the  success  of  an  art  and  industrial  ex- 
position before.  The  United  States  was  represented  by  no  less  than 
1,750,  and  received  941  awards.  It  was  estimated  that  Americans 
alone  emptied  350,000,000  francs  into  the  lap  of  Paris  during  the 
Exposition.  The  gold  revenue  in  the  Bank  of  France  rose  enor- 
mously. Police  estimates  gave  the  total  number  of  strangers  in 
Paris  during  the  Exposition  at  1,500,000. 

The  various  railroads  reported  an  increase  over  the  six  months 
of  the  preceding  year  of  1,878,747  in  the  number  of  passengers  car- 
ried, and  in  receipts  an  increase  of  66,000,000  francs.  The  City  of 
Paris  Omnibus  Company  reported  an  increase  of  14,000,000  francs. 
The  Cab  Company  transported  29,097,111  persons  from  Jan.  i  to 
Nov.  i,  1889,  the  same  period  in  the  previous  year  only  12,000,000, 
with  an  increase  in  revenue  of  1,558,000  francs.  All  other  lines  of 
business  in  Paris  are  known  to  have  increased  in  revenue  at  a  corres- 
ponding rate.  Among  the  interesting  things  discovered  was  that 


THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


the  consumption  of  meat  increased  3,278,871  pounds  and  of  wine 
3, 162,227  gallons.  The  total  excess  of  the  receipts  of  the  theatres 
over  the  corresponding  six  months  of  the  previous  year  was  10,867,- 
555  francs.  It  was  estimated  that  the  total  gain  to  Paris  must  have 
exceeded  500,000,000  francs.  The  Exposition  of  1889  gave  very  gen- 
eral satisfaction  to  visitors  from  all  countries.  Paris  never  looked 
better.  The  republic  positively  outshone  the  empire.  There  was 
not  so  much  glare  and  brilliancy  as  during  the  Exposition  of  '67; 
there  was  less  of  tinsel  and  less  of  surface  display,  but  the  Parisians 
were  evidently  more  contented,  a  spirit  of  patriotic  regard  for  the 
government  pervaded  the  masses,  and  strangers  felt  whatever  appear- 
ance of  prosperity  they  witnessed  was  genuine. 

It  was  found  in  the  spring  of  1892  that  the  practical  develop- 
ment of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  had  expanded  away  be- 
yond the  calculations  of  the  public  and  the  managers  of  the  enter- 
prise. This  was  the  natural  result  of  the  determined  effort  made  on 
all  sides  to  eclipse  everything  that  had  been  attempted  before  in  the 
way  of  an  international  fair.  The  preparations  for  the  greatest  event 
of  the  nineteenth  century  were  carried  out  upon  a  scale  commen- 
surate with  this  determination.  Everything  was  to  be  better,  greater 
and  grander  than  the  world  had  ever  seen  beforef  and  as  the  grounds 
were  laid  out  and  the  mammoth  buildings  began  to  assume  form,  it 
was  seen  that  the  management,  instead  of  falling  short  in  its  prom- 
ises and  pretensions,  had  in  every  particular  exceeded  them.  The 
plan  and  scope  determined  by  the  National  Commission  involved  an 
expenditure  upon  the  part  of  the  local  directory  of  about  $10,000,000. 
It  was  soon  evident  that  $20,000,000  would  be  nearer  the  amount 
which  Chicago  would  be  called  upon  to  lay  out  on  this  gigantic  en- 
terprise, and  that  this  latter  sum  would  quite  likely  represent  only 
fifty  per  cent,  of  the  whole  amount  to  be  spent  before  the  gates  of  the 
Exposition  would  be  thrown  open.  The  government  outlay  upon 
the  federal  exhibit  easily  exceeds  $2,000,000,  and  additional  appropri- 
ations it  is  thought  will  be  necessary.  The  States  of  the  Union  (begin- 
*ning  with  Illinois,  which  appropriated  $800,000,  and  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  with  $300,000  each,  and  by  a 
number  of  less  wealthy  commonwealths  by  sums  ranging  from  $100,- 
ooo  to  $150,000)  have  added  not  less  than  $3,000,000  to  the  outlay. 
The  appropriation  of  foreign  nations  aggregates  about  $200,000.  The 
international  character  and  importance  of  the  World's  Fair  will  be 


MONADNOCK   BUILDING 


THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  183 


understood  clearly  when  it  is  learned  that  the  first  sums  set  aside  for 
their  exhibits  by  such  nations  as  Japan,  Mexico  and  Brazil  amounted 
to  $630,000,  $750,000  and  $300,000  respectively.  .  .  .  The  Exposi- 
tion grounds  cover  an  area  of  633  acres,  having  a  frontage  of  two 
miles  on  L,ake  Michigan.  The  largest  building  is  about  one  mile  in 
circumference,  and  its  central  aisle  has  a  clean  span  of  368  feet  and  is 
206  feet  high.  The  Machinery  Hall  of  the  Paris  Exposition,  if 
placed  within  this  aisle,  would  have  a  space  6  feet  wide  on  each  side 
and  1 1  feet  on  each  end,  with  50  feet  clear  for  ventilation  above  its  roof. 
There  were  used  in  the  construction  of  this  building  6,000  tons  of 
iron  and  steel.  These  figures  may  mean  much  or  little  to  the  visitor, 
but  for  the  purpose  of  comparison  it  may  be  stated  that  the  Eiffel 
Tower  required  but  7,000  tons,  and  only  3,600  tons  were  used  in  the 
Brooklyn  Bridge,  and  5,600  tons  in  the  great  railroad  bridge  at  St. 
Louis.  The  heroic  dimensions  of  all  the  buildings  have  only  lately 
been  realized  as  they  have  appeared  in  their  finished  state  and  perfect 
outlines.  The  Exhibition  buildings,  including  annexes,  required  a 
consumption  of  18,000  tons  of  iron  and  steel.  The  buildings  pri- 
marily projected,  including  landscape  improvements,  were  contracted 
for  at  a  saving  of  about  $2,500,000  from  the  architects'  estimates,  but 
the  growing  necessities  of  the  enterprise  required  the  erection  of 
others  not  at  first  contemplated  at  a  cost  of  about  $1,900,000.  The 
total  floor  space  of  the  great  Exposition  buildings  (not  including  the 
foreign,  State  or  special  buildings)  is  6,320,000  square  feet  or  155 
acres.  For  the  protection  of  these  buildings  and  their  contents,  and 
to  supply  fountains  and  all  the  daily  requirements  within  the  grounds, 
the  management  provided  for  a  possible  supply  of  64,000,000  gallons 
of  water  daily,  which  is  carried  through  twenty  miles  of  mains  from 
six  inches  to  three  feet  in  diameter.  For  supplying  power  for  ma- 
chinery, etc.,  the  management  provided  for  boilers  having  a  water 
evaporating  capacity  equal  to  25,000  horse-power  and  engines  for  gene- 
rating electricity,  18,000  horse-power ;  for  driving  line  shafting  and 
isolated  exhibits,  2,000  horse-power  ;  for  compressed  air,  3,000  horse- 
power, and  for  pumps  2,000  horse-power.  Electrical  force  is  supplied 
as  power  to  the  amount  of  3,000  horse-power.  The  system  of  sewage 
projected  is  extensive  and  complete.  The  arrangements  are  made  for 
the  treatment  of  6,000,000  gallons  of  sewage  every  twenty-four  hours, 
the  precipitated  matter  of  which  is  burned  and  only  clear  water 
allowed  to  escape. 


184      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


The  estimated  cost  of  the  completed  structures,  including  land- 
scape, statuary,  fountains,  terminal  facilities,  police  and  fire  stations, 
and  all  that  may  be  necessary  for  the  comfort  and  convenience  of 
visitors,  is  $15,117,500,  exclusive  of  the  cost  of  administration,  which 
is  estimated  at  $2,770,000,  up  to  the  opening  of  the  Exposition,  May 
i,  1893. 

The  honor  of  designing  these  great  structures  and  of  displaying 
to  the  world  our  progress  in  architecture,  as  well  as  in  construction, 
was  wisely  distributed  among  the  leading  architects  of  the  Unitec". 
States.  Three  were  selected  from  New  York  City,  one  from  Boston, 
one  from  Kansas  City,  and  five  from  Chicago,  making  a  board  of  ten, 
by  whom  the  general  arrangement  and  character  of  the  grounds  and 
buildings  were  determined,  in  conference  with  the  distinguished 
landscape  architects,  Messrs.  Olmsted  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  and  Chief  of 
Construction  D.  H.  Burnham,  on  the  Committee  on  Grounds  and 
Buildings.  The  Paris  Exposition  cost  about  $9,500,000.  The  Chi- 
cago Exposition,  including  administration  and  all  other  expenses, 
will  probably  be  from  $17,000,000  to  $18,000,000.  In  addition  to 
this  there  will  be  perhaps  from  $3,000,000  to  $4,000,000  expended 
by  the  General  Government  and  by  the  various  States.  A  reason- 
able estimate  of  the  amount  of  money  that  will  be  spent  for  all  pur- 
poses may  be  fairly  stated  to  be  $22,000,000  to  $23,000,000.  The 
chief  buildings  of  the  Fair  are  located  in  Jackson  Park. 

Many  of  the  minor  buildings,  special  exhibits,  etc.,  were  pro- 
vided for  with  space  in  Washington  Park  and  on  Midway  Plaisance. 
Jackson  Park  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  lake  shore  seven  miles 
southeast  of  the  City  Hall,  and  embraces  586  acres.  Washington 
Park  is  a  mile  or  more  nearer  and  has  371  acres.  Midway  Plaisance 
has  80  acres.  Thus  a  total  of  1,037  acres  ig  available  for  the  Exposi- 
tion. The  spacious  grounds  of  the  Washington  Driving  Park  Asso- 
ciation, adjoining  Washington  Park  on  the  south,  ma}-  be  used  for 
certain  stock  exhibits. 

To  supply  the  Exposition  buildings  and  grounds  with  water 
two  plants  were  put  in,  one  with  capacity  of  24,000,000  gallons  a 
day,  and  the  other  of  40,000,000  gallons.  Thus  64,000,000  gallons 
a  day  are  available.  A  system  for  drainage,  believed  to  be  adequate 
and  perfect,  was  adopted.  Plans  adopted  for  lighting  the  build- 
ings and  grounds  provided  for  138,218  electric  lamps,  of  which  6,766 
are  arc  lamps  of  2,000  candle-power  each,  and  131,452  incandescent, 


CHAMBER   OF   COMMERCE. 


185 


186      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND   GUIDE   TO   THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


16  candle-power  each.  The  electric  lighting  cost  something  like 
$1,500,000  and  is  ten  times  as  extensive  as  was  employed  at  the  Paris 
Exposition.  The  light  and  motive  plant  at  the  Exposition  require 
26,000  horse-power,  of  which  22,000  is  required  for  the  electric  plant. 
Before  going  into  a  general  description  of  the  Exposition  build- 
ings and  grounds  it  is  necessary  that  the  visitor  should  learn  some- 
thing of  the  details.  The  dimensions  and  cost  of  the  magnificent 
structures  which  rear  their  beautiful  domes  on  all  sides  of  you  will  be 
interesting.  The  following  condensed  table  will  convey  this  infor- 
mation in  a  compact  and  intelligible  form  : 


• 
BUII/DINGS. 

DIMENSIONS 
IN  FEET. 

AREA  IN 
ACRES. 

COST. 

Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts    

787  xi687 

•?o.  t; 

$i  ,  500  ooo 

Administration  

262  x  262 

i  6 

4  ^?  $  OCO 

Mines    

7  CQ  X    7OD 

;  6 

265  ooo 

Electricity  

i4S,  x  600 

?.? 

401,000 

Transportation  

256  x  960 

c  6  } 

Annex     

42^  X   QOO 

8  8  j 

370,000 

Woman's     

IQQ  X    ^88 

i  8 

138  coo 

Art  Galleries  

320  x  503 

3  7  ) 

Annexes  (2)   

I  2O  X   2OO 

•*''   I 

i  i  I 

670,000 

Fisheries  

i6s  x  ^6s 

I  4  ) 

"       Annexes  (2)    

I-JT  diam'r 

8  f 

224,000 

:  Horticulture    

250  x  998 

c  7 

300  ooo 

"           Greenhouses  (8)    
Machinery  

24  x  loo 
492  x  846 

•5 

Q  6  1 

25,000 

Annex  

4QO  X    C.  W 

6  2    I 

1,200,000 

Power  House  

100  x  461 

) 

Pumping  Works   

77  X     84 

21 

35  ooo 

Machine  Shop  .    .   '.    

146  x  250 

j      ' 

Agriculture     

500  x  800 

Q  ->  ) 

Annex     

^OO  X     £  CO 

•*  8  I 

618,000  i 

Assembly  Hall,  etc  
Forestry   

125  x  450 
228  x  s^S 

O'°   J 

i*3 

2   C 

100,000 

IOO  OOO 

Saw  Mill  

I  9  r   X    "?OO 

Q 

•3  c  ooo 

Dairy    

IOO  X    ''OO 

C 

-?o  ooo 

Live  Stock  (3)    

65  X    2OO 

91 

Pavilion     

280  x  440 

2.»i 

•JT  C  OOO 

Sheds  

•°  f 
4O 

Casino  

i  20  x  250 

7 

Music  Hall  

I^O  X    2C,O 

?} 

*2IO,OOO 

•/  ) 

U.  S.  Government    

•34  e  x  41  5 

m  8 

$7  041  ooo 

"      Imitation  Battle-ship   

60  2^  X    "?48 

s    T 

400  ooo 

Illinois  State  

i  60  x  4^0 

•7 

IOO  OOO 

"       Wings  

1.7    1 

*'    I 

•2    ) 

250,000 

159.4 

$7,79i,oooJ 

*  Including  connecting  peristyle. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


Two  of  the  last  named  buildings  were  erected  at  the  expense  of 
the  United  States  Government,  and  one  at  the  expense  of  the  State 
of  Illinois,  but  these  must  be  classed  among  the  great  Exposition 
structures.  The  Exposition  buildings,  not  including  those  of  the 
Government  and  Illinois,  have  also  a  total  gallery  area  of  45.9  acres, 
thus  making  their  total  floor  space  199.7  acres.  The  Fine  Arts 
building  has  7,885  lineal  feet,  or  145,852  square  feet  of  wall  space. 

All  of  the  annexes  are  scarcely  less  imposing  and  architecturally 
beautiful  than  the  main  buildings  themselves.  The  live-stock  sheds 
\vhicli  cover  an  immense  area  as  indicated,  are  constructed  as  inex- 
pensively as  possible  without  marring  the  general  architectural  effect. 
The  power  houses,  pumping  works,  etc.,  are  exhibits  in  themselves. 
There  are  several  Exposition  buildings  in  addition  to  those  named, 
but  these  are  mentioned  in  another  connection.  Among  them  are  a 
Press  building,  in  which  every  possible  convenience  and  accommoda- 
tion for  the  press  representatives  of  the  world  is  provided  ;  and  a  re- 
production of  the  Spanish  convent,  La  Rabida,  in  which  a  wonder- 
fully complete  collection  of  Columbus  relics  and  allied  exhibits  are 
gathered.  The  total  cost  of  the  Exposition  structures  alone  is  esti- 
mated at  $8,000,000.  Of  course,  it  is  understood,  no  reference  is 
made  here  either  to  the  numerous  State  or  foreign  buildings  or  to 
structures  for  the  accommodation  of  special  exhibits.  These  of 
themselves  form  a  very  important  part  of  the  Exposition. 

The  visitor  will  naturally  be  desirous  of  taking  in  the  entire 
Exposition  at  one  journey,  if  possible,  before  entering  upon  special 
views.  The  most  delightful  means  by  which  the  visitor  may  reach 
the  Exposition  grounds  will  be  by  steamboat  on  Lake  Michigan.  A 
ride  of  six  miles  from  the  embarking  point  on  the  Lake  Front  Park, 
with  the  towers  and  gilded  domes  of  the  Fair  buildings  constantly  in 
sight,  will  take  him  there. 

In  the-western  part  of  the  group  stands  the  ILLINOIS  BUILDING 
costing  $350,000.  Just  south  of  the  foreign  and  State  buildings 
stands  the  FISH  AND  FISHERIES  BUILDING,  700  feet  in  length,  and 
flanked  at  each  end  by  a  curved  arcade  connecting  it  with  two  octag- 
onal pavilions,  in  which  is  seen  the  aquaria  and  the  tackle  exhibit. 
The  total  length  is  1,100  feet,  and  the  width  200  feet.  This  build- 
ing, designed  by  Henry  Ives  Cobb,  of  Chicago,  is  in  the  Spanish 
style,  and  conspicuous  because  of  a  liberal  use  of  color. 

A  little  further  south  across  an  area  of  the  lagoon  is  the  UNITED 


THE    WORLD'S  COLL'MIUAX  EXPOSITION.  189 


STATES  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING,  measuring  350  x  420  feet,  and  hav- 
ing a  dome  120  feet  in  diameter  and  150  feet  high.  It  is  constructed 
of  stone,  iron  and  glass,  classic  in  style,  covers  four  acres,  and  cost 
£400,000. 

On  the  lake  shore  east  of  this  building  and  in  part  in  the  inter- 
vening space,  the  government  has  a  gun  battery,  a  life-saving  station 
c  miplete  with  apparatus,  a  lighthouse,  war  balloons,  and  a  full-size 
model  of  a  $3,000,000  battle  ship  of  the  first  class. 

Steaming  by  the  Government  exhibits  the  visitor  will  come 
abreast  of  the  largest  building  of  the  Exposition — that  of  MANU- 
FACTURES AND  LIBERAL  ARTS.  It  measures  i , 700  x  800  feet,  with 
two  interior  courts.  This  building,  which  is  of  the  French  renais- 
sance style,  was  designed  by  George  S.  Post,  of  New  York. 

Extending  westward  across  the  park,  is  a  long  avenue  or  court, 
several  hundred  feet  wide.  To  the  right,  at  the  entrance  of  this 
grand  avenue,  is  the  great  building  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts, 
and  farther  back  the  other  attractions  already  referred  to.  To  the 
left  is  the  AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING,  measuring  800  by  500  feet, 
designed  by  Architect  McKim,  of  New  York. 

Passing  the  Agricultural  building,  the  visitor  will  come  to  the 
great  MACHINERY  HALL,  which  lies  to  the  westward  of  it,  and  which 
is  connected  with  it  by  a  horseshoe  arcade,  doubling  a  branch  of  the 
lagoon.  It  is  nearly  identical  with  it  in  size  and  cost,  but  differs 
from  it  considerably  in  appearance,  being  serious,  impressive  and 
rich  in  architectural  line  and  detail,  and  the  best  work  of  its  design- 
ers, Peabody  &  Stearns,  of  Boston. 

Opposite  Machinery  Hall,  and  north  of  it  in  the  centre  of  the 
"Long  Walk,"  stands  the  EXPOSITION  ADMINISTRATION  BUILDING. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  imposing,  and,  in  proportion  to  its  size,  by 
far  the  most  inexpensive  one  of  the  large  structures.  Richard  M.  Hunt, 
of  Xew  York,  President  of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects,  is 
its  designer.  It  is  adorned  with  scores  of  statuary  figures,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  gilded  dome  rising  250  feet,  or  about  the  height  of  the 
Auditorium  tower.  In  it  are  the  offices  of  the  National  Commission 
and  Local  Directory,  and  the  headquarters  of  all  the  numerous  offi- 
cials connected  with  the  management  and  administration  of  the  Ex- 
position. 

To  the  northward  of  the  Administration  building,  on  either  side 
and  facing  the  grand  avenue,  are  two  more  immense  buildings,  one 


190      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  7^HE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


for  the  ELECTRICAL  and  the  other  for  the  MINING  exhibit.  These 
are  about  equal  in  size,  covering  each  a  little  more  than  five  acres 
and  a  half.  Both  are  of  French  renaissance.  The  former  was  de- 
signed by  Van  Brunt  &  Howe,  of  Kansas  City,  the  latter  by  S.  S. 
Beman,  of  Chicago.  North  of  these  buildings  in  the  main  lagoon 
is  an  island  of  twenty  or  thirty  acres  in  area. 

To  the  southward  of  the  line  of  buildings  which  are  arranged 
along  the  south  side  of  the  grand  avenue  is  a  vast  open  expanse 
which  is  devoted  to  the  live  stock  exhibit.  Here  immense  stock 
buildings,  a  show  ring  and  whatever  else  will  contribute  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  live  stock  feature  of  the  Exposition  are  to  be  found. 

Jackson  Park  resembles  a  right-angled  triangle  in  shape.  The 
visitor  has  thus  far,  on  his  tour  of  inspection,  traversed  the  lake 
shore  or  hypothenuse  of  the  triangle,  and  across  the  southern  end  or 
base.  It  remains  only  to  turn  towards  the  north  and  note  the  struc- 
tures ranged  along  the  perpendicular.  The  first  one  arrived  at  is  the 
TRANSPORTATION  BUILDING.  This  is  Romanesque  in  style  and  one 
of  the  largest  of  all,  measuring  960  by  256  feet,  exclusive  of  a  great 
annex  in  the  rear,  which  covers  nine  acres.  North  of  this  is  the 
HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING,  another  immense  structure,  1,000  by 
250  feet,  with  three  domes,  one  at  each  end  and  a  large  one  at 
the  center. 

Still  farther  north  and  directly  opposite  the  park  entrance  of 
Midway  Plaisance  stands  the  WOMAN'S  BUILDING,  which  is  one  of 
the  chief  objects  of  interest  on  the  grounds.  The  exterior  design  was 
furnished  by  a  woman  architect,  Miss  S.  G.  Hayden,  of  Boston. 
Here  the  lady  managers  have  their  headquarters,  and  here  is  col- 
lected a  wonderful  exhibit  illustrating  the  progress  and  attainments 
of  women  in  the  various  branches  of  industry. 

Passing  the  Woman's  Building  the  visitor  can  turn  toward  the 
northeast  and  inspect  the  Foreign  and  State  buildings  in  the  northern 
poriion  of  the  park. 

BIRD'S  EYE  VIEW. — The  power  of  the  pen  is  proverbial,  but 
how  inadequate  and  feeble  an  instrument  it  is  to  describe  the 
picture  presented  by  a  bird's  eye  view  of  the  Exposition  Grounds 
and  Buildings.  Such  beauty,  such  grace,  such  coloring  !  Does 
there  exist  to-day,  has  there  ever  existed,  either  on  the  canvas 
of  the  painter  or  in  the  brain  of  the  poet,  an  ideal  paradise  that  will 
compare  with  this  reality?  Spread  out  beneath  him  lie  more  than  six 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  191 


hundred  acres,  upon  which  has  been  expended  all  the  wealth  of 
experience  in  art  and  science.  The  very  essence  of  all  that  is  elegant 
and  unique  in  landscape  gardening,  grouped  here  and  there  are  scores 
of  graceful  and  imposing  edifices,  making  a  magnificent  array  of  struc- 
tures, which  embody  the  best  conceptions-  of  America's  greatest 
architects.  Bordering  this  scene,  and  adding  not  a  little  to  it,  is  Lake 
Michigan,  one  of  the  grandest  of  inland  lakes.  There  is  nothing  to 
add,  nothing  to  wipe  out.  Could  a  picture  be  more  perfect? 

To  the  north  one  sees  a  village  of  palaces ;  these  are  the  buildings 
of  Foreign  Nations  and  some  of  all  states  of  the  Union.  It  is  pictur- 
esque in  the  extreme  because  here  are  embodied  the  different  tastes  and 
characteristics  of  the  world,  national  and  provincial.  This  group  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  parts  of  the  exposition.  These  buildings 
are  ranged  on  wide  curving  avenues,  connected  by  numerous  walks  ; 
they  occupy  about  100  acres  of  the  park  beautifully  laid  out  ;  each 
building  has  ample  grounds  of  its  own,  with  lawns,  flower-beds 
and  shrubbery. 

In  front  of  the  park,  extending  eastward  into  the  Lake  1200  feet 
we  see  the  great  pier  with  its  enclosed  harbor  dotted  here  and  there 
by  the  picturesque  little  pleasure  boats  of  all  epochs  and  nations. 
The  harbor  bounded  on  the  east,  far  out  into  the  lake,  by  the  long 
columned  facade  of  the  Casino,  in  whose  free  space  crowds  of  men, 
women  and  children,  in  holiday  attire,  protected  by  its  ceiling  of  gay 
awnings,  look  east  to  the  lake  and  west  to  the  long  vista  between  the 
main  edifices  as  far  as  the  gilded  dome  of  the  Administration  build- 
ing. The  first  notable  object  of  this  vista  is  the  colossal  statue  of 
Liberty  rising  out  of  the  lagoon  at  the  point  where  it  enters  the  land, 
protected  by  moles  which  carry  sculptured  columns  emblematic  of 
the  thirteen  original  States  of  our  Union.  Beyond  this,  beyond  the 
first  of  many  bridges,  lies  a  broad  basin,  from  which  grassy  terraces 
and  broad  walks  lead  on  the  north,  to  the  south  elevation  of  the 
enormous  Main  Building,  and  on  the  south  to  the  structure  dedicate  1 
to  agriculture. 

This  Main  Building,  devoted  to  manufactures  and  liberal  arts, 
stretches  northwest  one-third  of  a  mile,  The  long,  low  lines  of  its 
sloping  roof,  supported  by  rows  of  arches,  is  relieved  by  the  central 
dome  over  the  great  main  entrance  ;  and  emblematic  statuary  and 
floating  banners  will  add  to  its  festive  character. 

The  north  elevation  of  the  classic  edifice  devoted  to  agriculture, 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE   TO   THE   WORLD'S  /.//A'. 


shows  a  long  arcade  behind  Corinthian  columns,  supporting  a  series  of 
triple  arches  and  three  low  graceful  domes.  Liberally  adorned  with 
sculpture  and  enriched  with  color,  this  building,  by  its  simplicity, 
refinement  and  grace,  is  ideally  expressive  of  pastoral  serenity  and 
peace.  At  its  noble  entrance  a  statue  of  Ceres  offers  hospitality  to  the 
fruits  of  the  earth. 

The  lofty  octagonal  dome  of  the  Administration  Building  forms 
the  central  point  of  the  architectural  scheme.  Rising  from  the 
columned  stones  of  its  square  base  250  feet  into  the  air  it  stands  in  the 
centre  of  a  spacious  open  plaza,  adorned  with  statuary  and  fountains, 
with  flower-beds  and  terraces  sloping  at  the  east  down  to  the  main 
lagoons.  North  of  the  plaza  stand  the  two  buildings  devoted  to 
mines  and  electricity  ;  the  latter  bristling  with  points  and  pinnacles, 
as  if  to  entrap  from  the  air  the  intangible  element  whose  achievements 
it  will  display. 

South  of  the  plaza  is  the  machinery  stall  with  its  power-house 
at  the  southeast  corner.  West  of  this  and  along  the  western  limit  of 
the  park  is  the  Transportation  Building.  Still  further  north,  lying 
west  of  the  north  branch  of  the  lagoon  extends  the  loner  shining  siir- 

<j  O  Q 

faces  and  the  -gracefully  curving  roof  of  the  Crystal  Palace  of 
Horticulture.  Following  the  lagoon  northward,  you  see  the  Woman's 
Building,  and  eastward,  the  island  devoted  to  the  novel  and  interest- 
ing aquaria,  in  which  the  spectator  can  look  upward  through  the  clear 
waters  and  study  the  creatures  of  ocean  and  river. 

THE  ADMINISTRATION  BUILDIXG.— The  Administration 
Building  is  the  finest  at  the  Fair,  it  being  generally  conceded  that 
this  structure  is  the  gem  and  crown  of  the  Exposition  Buildings.  Its 
location  is  at  the  west  end  of  the  great  court  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  site,  looking  eastward,  across  the  open  space  and  the  Lagoon 
outwards,  the  Casino  and  the  Pier.  Its  great  gilded  dome  forms  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  objects  of  the  Exposition.  This  edifice  cost 
£450,000.  The  architect  is  Richard  M.  Hunt  of  New  York,  Presi- 
dent of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects,  to  whose  established 
reputation  it  is  a  notable  contribution.  The  building  covers  an  area 
of  250  feet  square  and  consists  of  four  pavilions  84  feet  square,  stand- 
ing at  each  angle  of  its  square  ground  plan,  and  connected  by  a  great 
central  dome  120  feet  in  diameter  and  260  feet  high.  The  center  of 
each  facade  has  a  recess  93  feet  wide,  within  which  is  a  grand  en- 
trance to  the  building.  The  general  design  is  in  the  style  of  the 


H 
C/3 


1 93 


194      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


French  renaissance.  The  lower  story,  comprising  the  pavilions,  is 
Doric  in  order  of  architecture,  65  feet  high,  of  heroic  proportions, 
surrounded  by  a  lofty  balustrade,  and  having  the  great  tiers  of  the 
angle  of  each  pavilion  crowned  with  sculpture.  The  second  story 
with  its  lofty  and  spacious  colonnade  is  of  the  Ionic  order,  65  feet 
high,  being  a  continuation  of  the  central  rotunda,  which  is  175  feet 
square.  Above  is  the  octagonal  base,  40  feet  high,  upon  which  rises 
the  great  dome.  This  building  out-tops  all  the  others. 

There  are  four  entrances,  one  on  each  side  of  the  edifice,  which  are 
50  feet  wide  and  50  feet  high,  deeply  recessed  and  covered  by  semi- 
circular arched  vaults,  richly  coffered.  In  the  rear  of  these  arches 
are  entrance  doors,  and  above  them  great  screens  of  glass,  giving 
light  to  the  central  rotunda.  Across  the  face  of  these  screens,  at  the 
level  of  the  office  floor,  are  galleries  communicating  with  the  different 
pavilions. 

The  interior  effects  of  this  great  building  will  be  fine,  and  its  in- 
ternal features  will  even  exceed  in  beauty  and  splendor  those  of  the 
exterior.  A  hall  or  logia  30  feet  square  is  between  every  two  entrances, 
connecting  the  intervening  pavilion  with  the  rotunda,  and  giving 
access  to  offices,  being  provided  with  broad  circular  stairways  and 
swift  running  elevators.  Within  the  rotunda  is  octagonal  in  form, 
the  first  story  being  composed  of  eight  enormous  arched  openings, 
corresponding  in  size  to  the  arches  of  the  great  entrances.  Above 
these  arches  is  a  frieze  207  feet  in  width,  the  panels  of  which  are 
filled  with  tablets,  borne  by  figures  carved  in  low  relief  and  covered 
with  commemorative  inscriptions.  The  second  story,  50  feet  in 
height,  rises  above  the  balcony.  The  interior  dome  rising  from  the 
top  of  the  cornice  of  this  story  towers  200  feet  from  the  floor  below, 
and  in  the  center  is  an  opening,  50  feet  in  diameter,  transmitting  a 
flood  of  light  from  the  exterior  dome  overhead.  The  under  side  of 
the  dome  is  enriched  with  deep  panelings,  richly  moulded,  and  the 
panels  are  filled  with  sculpture,  in  low  relief  and  immense  paintings, 
representing  the  arts  and  sciences.  In  size  this  rotunda  rivals,  if  it 
does  not  surpass,  the  most  celebrated  domes  of  a  similar  character  in 
the  world. 

The  corner  pavilions  are  four  stories  in  height,  and  are  each 
divided  into  large  and  small  offices,  for  the  various  Departments  of 
Administration,  and  into  lobbies  and  toilet  rooms.  The  ground  floor 
contains,  in  one  pavilion,  the  Fire  and  Police  Departments,  with  cells 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  195 


for  the  detention  of  prisoners ;  in  the  second  pavilion  are  the  offices 
of  the  Ambulance  Service,  the  Physician  and  Pharmacy,  the  Foreign 
Department  and  the  Information  Bureau ;  in  the  third  pavilion,  the 
Post-Office  and  a  Bank,  and  in  the  fourth  the  offices  of  Public  Com- 
fort and  a  restaurant.  The  second,  third  and  fourth  stories  contain  the 
Board  rooms,  the  Committee  rooms,  the  rooms  of  the  Director-Gen- 
eral, the  Department  of  Publicity  and  Promotion,  and  of  the  United 
States  Columbian  Commission. 

THE  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING.— This  building  is  erected 
by  the  United  States  Government  at  a  cost  of  $400,000,  for  its 
own  use  and  exhibits.  One-half  of  the  building  on  the  south  is 
devoted  to  the  exhibits  of  the  Post-office  Department,  War  De- 
partment, Treasury  Department  and  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, the  Smithsonian  Institute,  the  Fishery  .Commission  and  the 
Interior  Department.  The  exhibit  of  the  Department  of  Justice 
extends  from  the  rotunda  to  the  west  end  of  the  building,  and 
that  of  the  State  Department,  from  the  rotunda  to  the  east  end  of 
the  structure. 

Assistant  Secretary  Nettleton,  of  the  United  States  Treasury, 
has  charge  of  the  Treasury  Department  Exhibit,  and  has  arranged 
for  exhibits  of  the  Mint,  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  the  Super- 
vising Architect  of  the  Treasury,  the  Bureau  of  Engraving  and 
Printing,  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  the  Life-saving  Board,  the  Light- 
house Board  and  the  Marine  Hospital. 

Some  of  the  most  interesting  exhibits  among  these  are  by  the 
Mint.  A  complete  group  of  the  coins  made  by  the  United  States, 
and  a  collection  of  coins  of  foreign  countries  ;  by  the  Supervising 
Architect  of  the  Treasury,  a  number  of  photographs  all  of  the  public 
buildings  of  the  Capital,  including  some  of  the  original  designs  of 
Capitol  dome  and  extension  by  the  distinguished  architect,  Thomas 
U.  Walter,  LL.  D.  ;  by  the  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing,  new 
bills  under  framing,  including  samples  of  every  bill  of  every  denomi- 
nation that  the  United  States  Government  now  authorizes  as  money  ; 
a  life-saving  station  built  and  equipped  with  every  appliance  and  a 
regular  crew  who  will  go  through  all  the  life-saving  manceuvers ;  and 
by  the  Coast  Survey,  of  a  huge  map  of  the  United  States,  about  400 
feet  square,  or  about  the  size  of  a  square  of  city  property,  —  "accu- 
rately constructed  of  plaster  of  Paris  and  placed  horizontally  on  the 
Exposition  grounds  with  a  covering  over  it,  with  galleries  and  path- 


THE   WORLD'S  COL  UMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  197 


ways  on  the  inside  to  allow  visitors  to  walk  over  the  whole  United 
States  without  touching  it,  and  built  on  a  scale  showing  the  exact 
height  of  the  mountains,  the  depth  of  the  rivers  and  the  curvature  of 
the  earth." 

The  War  Department  will  exhibit  lay-figures  of  officers  and  men 
of  the  United  States  Army,  of  all  grades,  mounted,  on  foot,  fully 
equipped  in  the  uniform  of  their  rank  and  service ;  besides  will  show 
the  uniforms  worn  during  the  Revolutionary  War  and  the  War  of 
1812,  and  thirty-one  figures  showing  the  uniform  of  the  Mexican 
War.  There  will  be  also  shown  the  use  of  the  telephone  on  battle- 
fields ;  the  heliograph  which  annihilates  distance  ;  and  all  means  of 
army  signalling  with  the  batteries,  lines,  cables,  bombs,  torches,  and 
every  other  contrivance  now  in  use  in  the  army.  By  the  arrange- 
ment of  Col.  Whipple,  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  huge  guns  and 
explosives  will  be  exhibited,  and  at  special  times  daily  there  will  be 
regular  battery  drills  and  loading  and  firing  of  pieces  ;  many  of  the 
guns  used  being  the  finest  of  their  kind  in  the  world.  For  the  use 
of  the  Medical  Bureau  a  hospital  tent  will  be  provided,  operated  by  a 
corps  of  hospital  nurses  and  doctors. 

THE  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING  is  classical  in  style,  bears  a  strong 
resemblance  to  the  National  Museum  and  other  Government  build- 
ings at  Washington,  was  designed  by  Architect  Windrim,  is  con- 
structed of  iron  and  glass,  and  covers  an  area  of  350  by  420  feet.  Its 
most  prominent  feature  is  a  central  octagonal  dome,  120  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  150  feet  high.  The  building  fronts  west  and  is  approached 
on  the  north  by  a  bridge  over  the  lagoon.  Its  location  is  near  the 
lake  shore,  south  of  the  main  lagoon  and  of  the  area  reserved  for 
the  foreign  nations  and  the  several  States,  and  east  of  the  WOMAN'S 
BUILDING  and  of  Midway  Plaisance. 

The  allotment  of  space  to  the  several  departments'  exhibits  of  the 
Government  are  as  follows :  War  Department,  23,000  square  feet ; 
Treasury,  10,500  square  feet ;  Agricultural,  23,250  square  feet ;  Inte- 
rior, 24,000  square  feet;  Post-office,  9,000  square  feet;  Fishery, 
20,000  square  feet,  and  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  balance  of  space. 
The  treasures  of  the  latter  are  so  numerous  that  it  will  be  a  task  for 
its  officers  to  select  articles  for  exhibition  for  the  world's  great  fair. 

THE  XAVAL  EXHIBIT. — For  the  NAVAL  EXHIBIT  a  protect- 
ing pier  and  breakwater  have  been  extended  into  the  lake,  above  the 
landing  pier,  behind  which  the  United  States  will  make  a  naval  ex- 


198      PICTLRESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


hibit.  A  model  of  a  coast  defense  battle-ship  is  being  constructed 
upon  a  stone  and  concrete  foundation  for  this  part  of  the  show,  so  as 
to  observe  the  treaty  with  England  which  forbids  a  naval  force  or 
vessel  of  either  England  or  the  United  States  to  be  on  the  great 
lakes.  This  causes  much  comment  and  has  given  rise  to  the  inven- 
tion of  the  following  bon  mot  about  it,  that,  "the  United  States  is 
not  content  with  a  war  vessel  in  the  abstract,  but  must  have  it  in  the 
concrete."  A  naval  training  ship  is  also  to  be  brought  here  with  a 
full  complement  of  boys.  It  is  also  stated  that  the  model  of  the  Vic- 
tory from  the  Chelsea  Exhibition  is  to  come  to  Chicago.  A  fac- 
simile has  been  built  in  Spain  of  the  little  caravel  Santa  Maria,  in 
which  Columbus  sailed  on  the  fateful  voyage  that  discovered  Amer- 
ica. She  will  first  appear  at  the  naval  review  in  New  York  Harbor, 
in  October,  1892,  and  be  afterwards  taken  up  the  lakes  to  Chicago. 
The  final  resting  place  of  this  little  vessel  will  be  Washington.  In 
coming  to  this  country,  after  leaving  the  port  of  Palos  from  which 
Columbus  sailed,  with  imposing  ceremonies,  the  vessel  will  sail  over 
the  route  taken  by  the  discoverer  of  America  upon  his  voyage  in  the 
original  Santa  Maria  four  centuries  ago. 

Unique  among  the  other  exhibits  is  that  made  by  the  United 
States  Navy  Department.  It  is  in  a  structure  which,  to  all  outward 
appearance,  is  a  faithful,  full-sized  model  of  one  of  the  new  coast-line 
battle-ships,  the  designs  being  planned  by  the  United  States  Bureau 
of  Construction  and  Repairs  of  the  Navy  Department,  and  now  in 
course  of  construction  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $3,000,000  each  by  Cramp  & 
Son,  Philadelphia,  and  the  Union  Iron  Works,  San  Francisco.  This 
imitation  battle-ship  of  1893  is  erected  on  piling  on  the  lake  front  in 
the  northeast  portion  of  Jackson  Park.  It  is  surrounded  by  water 
and  has  the  appearance  of  being  moored  to  a  wharf.  The  structure 
has  all  the  fittings  that  belong  to  the  actual  ship,  such  as  guns,  tur- 
rets, torpedo  tubes,  torpedo  nets  and  booms,  with  boats,  anchors, 
chain  cables,  davits,  awnings,  deck  fittings,  etc.,  etc.,  together  with 
all  appliances  for  working  the  same.  Officers,  seamen,  mechanics 
and  marines  are  detailed  by  the  Navy  Department  during  the  Exhi- 
bition, and  the  discipline  and  mode  of  life  on  our  naval  vessels  are 
completely  shown.  The  detail  of  men  is  not,  however,  as  great  as 
the  complement  of  the  actual  ship.  The  crew  give  certain  drills, 
especially  boat,  torpedo  and  gun  drills,  as  in  a  vessel  of  war. 

The  dimensions  of  the  structure  are  those  of  the  actual  battle-ship, 


200      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


to  wit :  length,  348  feet,  and  width,  midships,  69  feet  3  inches ;  from 
water-line  to  the  top  of  the  main  deck,  12  feet.  Centrally  placed  on 
this  deck  is  a  superstructure  8  feet  high,  with  a  hammock  berthing 
on  the  same  7  feet  high,  and  above  these  are  the  bridge,  chart-house 
and  the  boats.  At  the  forward  end  of  the  superstructure  there  is  a 
cone-shaped  tower,  called  the  "military  mast,"  near  the  top  of  which 
are  placed  two  circular  "tops"  as  receptacles  for  sharpshooters. 
Rapid-firing  guns  are  mounted  in  each  of  these  tops.  The  height 
from  the  water-line  to  the  summit  of  this  military  mast  is  75  feet,  and 
above  is  placed  a  flagstaff  for  signaling. 

The  battery  mounted  comprises  four  1 3-inch  breech-loading 
rifle-cannon  ;  eight  8-inch  breech-loading  rifle-cannon  ;  four  6-inch 
breech-loading  rifle-cannon  ;  twenty  6-pounder  rapid-firing  guns  ;  six 
i -pounder  rapid-firing  guns;  two  Gatling-guns  and  six  torpedo  tubes 
or  torpedo  guns.  All  of  these  are  placed  and  mounted  respec- 
tively as  in  the  genuine  battle-ship.  The  superstructure  contains 
the  cabins,  staterooms,  lavatories,  lactrines,  mess-rooms,  galley  and 
fittings,  mess-table  for  crew,  lockers,  berthings,  and  also  shows  the 
manner  in  which  officers  and  enlisted  men  live,  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  United  States  Navy.  On  the  deck  and  bridge  of  the 
superstructure  the  manner  in  which  the  rapid-firing  guns,  search- 
lights, beats,  etc.,  are  handled,  is  shown.  The  entrance  to  the 
conning  tower  is  from  the  deck  of  the  vessel,  in  which  are  all  the 
appliances  that  the  captain  has  at  his  command  when  taking  the 
ship  into  action  and  during  the  progress  of  a  battle  at  sea. 

An  electric  light  plant  is  provided  and  arrangements  made  for 
heating  with  steam.  On  the  berth  deck  are  the  various  articles 
usual  to  the  hull,  machinery  and  ordnance ;  ordnance  implements, 
including  electrical  machines,  gun-carriage,  motors  and  range-finders; 
models  showing  typical  warships  of  the  past  and  present ;  samples  of 
the  provisions,  clothing,  bunting,  flags,  and  naval  stores  in  general — in 
short,  all  the  supplies  that  go  to  make  up  the  outfit  of  a  man-of-war. 

The  costumes  of  the  sailors  of  the  Navy  from  1775  to  1848  are 
exhibited  by  janitors  dressed  in  those  suits  of  clothing.  On  the  star- 
board side  of  the  ship  is  shown  the  torpedo  protection  net,  stretching 
the  entire  length  of  the  vessel.  Steam  launches  and  cutters  ride  at 
the  booms,  and  all  the  outward  appearance  of  a  real  ship  of  war  is 
imitated. 

This  imitation  battle-ship  was  designed  by  Frank  W.  Grogan,. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  201 


architect  of  the  U.  S.  Naval  Exhibit,  under  the  direction  of  Capt. 
Meade,  U.  S.  Navy,  and  Lieut.  Tussing,  U.  S.  N.  The  idea  of 
having  a  structure  to  represent  a  man-of-war,  manned  with  all  appli- 
ances in  position  is  new,  and  was  conceived  by  Capt.  R.  W.  Meade. 
Nothing  of  the  kind  has  ever  been  attempted  before,  and  the  cost  of 
this  curious  and  original  structure  is  about  $100,000. 

THE  WOMAN'S  BUILDING.— The  Woman's  Building  is  de- 
scribed as  a  new  project  upon  an  extended  scale  in  exhibitions,  and  is 
a  spacious  structure  designed  to  display  woman's  special  achieve- 
ments and  work.  A  committee  of  ladies  presided  over  most  capably 
by  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  the  wife  of  one  of  Chicago's  most  prominent 
citizens,  has  this  in  charge,  and  they  propose  organizing  similar 
committees  of  ladies  abroad  and  soliciting  foreign  exhibits.  The 
design  is  to  show  the  best  things  done  by  women.  The  building 
has  a  central  'gallery  for  the  special  display  of  the  brilliant  and  artis- 
tic things  done  by  women  in  art,  authorship  and  handicraft.  In 
other  rooms  there  will  be  exemplified  the  charitable  and  industrial 
work  carried  on  by  women,  where  they  labor  for  the  benefit  of  hu- 
manity, in  hospital  service,  kindergartens  and  schools,  as  housewives, 
and  in  cookery.  The  great  achievements  of  famous  women  will  have 
full  representation,  and  as  exhibition  within  this  building  will  be 
upon  special  invitation  based  upon  merit,  this  is  expected  to  be  a 
most  attractive  part  of  the  Fair.  At  any  rate,  the  ladies  are  enthu- 
siastic about  its  prospective  success,  and  they  only  fear  that  their 
building,  which  covers  nearly  two  acres,  may  be  found  far  too  small 
for  what  they  will  have  to  put  into  it. 

' '  Encompassed  by  luxuriant  shrubs  and  beds  of  fragrant  flowers, 
like  a  white  silhouette  against  a  background  of  old  stately  oaks,  is 
seen  the  Woman's  Building,  situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
Park,  separated  by  a  generous  distance  from  the  HORTICULTURAL 
BUILDING  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Illinois  State  Building  on  the 
other,  and  facing  the  great  lagoon  with  Wooded  Island  as  a  vista. 
A  more  beautiful  site  could  not  have  been  selected  for  this  daintily 
designed  building. ' ' 

There  was  a  large  number  of  designs  for  the  building  prepared 
by  women  architects  from  all  parts  of  the  land.  The  President  of 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  selected  from  them  all  the  sketch  by 
Miss  Sophia  G.  Hayden,  whose  sketch  showed  harmony  of  grouping 
and  gracefulness  of  details,  which  indicated  the  architectural  scholar. 


2O2 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIA*  EXPOSITION.  203 


and  to  whom  was  awarded  the  first  prize  of  one  thousand  dollars  and 
also  the  execution  of  the  design.  The  second  prize  was  given  to 
Miss  Lois  L.  Howe,  of  Boston,  and  the  third  to  Miss  Laura  Hayes, 
of  Chicago.  Miss  Hayden,  who  is  a  graduate,  with  high  honors,  of 
the  School  of  Technology,  in  Boston,  went  from  there  to  Chicago, 
and  personally  made  the  plans  and  elevations  for  the  building. 

The  lagoon,  directly  in  front  of  the  structure,  takes  the  form  of 
a  bay  about  400  feet  in  width,  from  the  centre  of  which  a  grand  land- 
ing and  staircase  leads  to  a  terrace  six  feet  above  the  water.  Cross- 
ing this  terrace  other  staircases  give  access  to  the  ground,  four  feet 
above,  on  which,  about  100  feet  back,  the  building  is  situated. 
F'lower  beds,  in  artistic  designs  and  low  shrubs,  cover  the  first  ter- 
race, forming,  together  with  the  creamy  white  balustrades  rising 
from  the  water's  edge,  and  also  in  front  of  the  second  terrace,  a 
charming  foreground  for  the  fine  edifice.  Four  hundred  feet  is  the 
extreme  length  of  the  principal  facade,  the  depth  of  the  building 
being  two  hundred  -feet.  Italian  renaissance  is  the  style  selected. 

This  large  edifice  consist  of  a  center  pavilion  flanked  at  either 
end  with  corner  pavilions  connected  in  the  first  story  by  open  arcades, 
forming  a  shady  promenade  the  whole  length  of  the  building.  The 
first  story  is  raised  about  ten  feet  from  the  ground  line,  and  a  wide 
staircase  leads  to  the  center  pavilion.  This  pavilion,  forming  the 
main  triple  arched  entrance  with  open  colonnade  in  the  second  story, 
is  finished  with  low  and  beautiful  proportioned  pediment  enriched 
with  a  highly  elaborate  bas-relief.  The  corner  pavilions  being  like 
the  rest  of  the  building,  two  stories  high,  with  a  total  elevation  of  60 
feet,  have  each  an  open  colonnade  added  above  the  main  cornice. 
Here  are  located  the  Hanging  Gardens,  and  also  the  Committee  rooms 
for  the  use  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers. 

The  structure  is  adorned  with  an  open  rotunda  70  by  65  feet 
reaching  to  the  full  height  of  the  building  and  covered  by  a  richly 
ornamented  skylight.  A  lobby  40  feet  wide  leads  into  this  rotunda, 
which  is  surrounded  by  a  two-story  open  arcade,  as  delicate  and 
chaste  in  design  as  the  exterior,  the  whole  having  a  thoroughly 
Italian  court-yard  effect,  admitting  abundance  of  light  to  all  rooms 
facing  this  interior  space.  On  each  side  of  the  main  entrance  and 
occupying  the  entire  space  of  the  curtains  and  on  the  first  floor,  are 
located  on  the  left  hand  a  model  hospital,  on  the  right  a  model  kin- 
dergarten, each  occupying  80  by  60  feet.  On  the  floor  of  the  south 


204      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


pavilion  is  the  retrospective  exhibit,  the  one  on  the  north,  to  reform 
works  and  charity  organization,  and  each  of  these  floors  is  80  by  200 
feet.  The  curtain  opposite  the  main  front  contains  the  library, 
bureau  of  information,  records,  etc.  Ladies'  parlors,  committee 
rooms  and  dressing  rooms  are  located  on  the  second  story  above  the 
main  entrance  and  curtains,  and  all  leading  to  the  open  balcony  in 
front,  and  commanding  a  splendid  panorama  of  almost  the  entire 
ground.  The  great  Assembly-room  and  Club-room  is  on  the  second 
floor  of  the  north  pavilion.  The  Assembly-room  is  provided  with  an 
elevated  stage.  A  model  kitchen,  refreshment  rooms,  reception 
rooms,  etc. ,  are  in  the  south  pavilion.  The  building  is  encased  with 
"staff,"  the  same  material  used  on  the  rest  of  the  buildings,  and  as  it 
stands  with  its  mellow  decorated  walls  bathed  in  the  bright  sunshine 
the  women  of  the  country  are  justly  proud  of  the  result. 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  not  created  without  some  mis- 
givings, nor  encouraged  without  some  fears.  Established  prejudices 
had  to  be  overcome,  numerous  barriers  removed  and  countless  ob- 
structions swept  away  before  the  necessary  recognition  was  secured. 
The  election  of  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  of  Chicago,  a  beautiful,  an  in- 
tellectual, and  above  all,  an  energetic  woman,  has  contributed  from 
the  outset  to  establish  the  character  of  the  undertaking  and  to  insure 
its  success.  Mrs.  Palmer  infused  life  into  the  movement,  inspired 
the  women  of  the  world  with  her  own  enthusiasm,  planned  a  sys- 
tematic campaign,  and  conducted  the  executive  department  of  the 
board  with  a  degree  of  judgment  that  marked  her  as  a  person  of  won- 
derful administrative  ability.  The  woman  of  fashion,  the  leader  of 
society,  the  devoted  wife  of  one  of  the  most  prominent  and  wealthiest 
citizens  of  Chicago,  her  conduct  of  the  great  responsibility  which  was 
placed  upon  her  shoulders  not  only  surprised  but  amazed  those  who 
were  actively  employed  in  other  departments  of  the  Exposition,  and 
who  for  that  reason  could  understand  and  appreciate  the  magnitude 
of  the  task  which  she  was  called  upon  to  perform. 

The  women  of  every  country  on  earth  were  invited  to  take  part 
in  this  exhibit ;  Mrs.  Palmer  communicated  with  the  female  sover- 
eigns and  with  the  consorts  of  sovereigns  in  foreign  countries,  asking 
for  their  assistance ;  the  women  of  every  State  and  territory  in  the 
North  American  republic  were  organized  into  Boards  ;  the  women  of 
Canada,  of  Mexico,  and  of  the  South  American  Republics  were 
brought  into  correspondence ;  not  a  moment  nor  an  opportunity  was 


206      PICl^URESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GL'JDE  TO  TtiE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 


lost  in  creating  an  interest  in  the  Women's  department  everywhere, 
and  the  result  is  before  us  now. 

Regarding  application  for  space  in  the  Woman' s  building,  exhib- 
its could  only  be  entered  there  by  invitation  from  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers.  The  space  at  its  disposal  was  comparatively  small  and 
the  Board  wished  to  reserve  it  for  the  most  select  and  distinguished 
things.  The  general  design  of  the  WTomen's  exhibit,  as  outlined  by 
Mrs.  Palmer,  was  as  follows:  The  Board  wished  to  mark  the  first 
participation  of  women  in  an  important  national  enterprise  by  pre- 
paring an  object  lesson  to  show  their  progress  made  in  every  country 
of  the  world  during  the  century  in  which  educational  and  other  privi- 
leges have  been  granted  them  and  to  show  the  increased  usefulness 
that  has  resulted  from  the  enlargement  of  their  opportunities. 

The  Board  decided  that  in  the  general  Exposition  buildings, 
where  the  competitive  exhibits  were  placed,  it  would  not  separate 
the  exhibit  of  women's  work  from  that  of  men,  for  the  reason  that  as 
women  are  working  side  by  side  with  men  in  all  the  factories  of  the 
world  it  would  be  practically  impossible,  in  most  cases,  to  divide  the 
finished  result  of  their  combined  work  ;  nor  would  women  be  satisfied 
with  prizes  unless  they  were  awarded  without  distinction  as  to  sex 
and  as  the  result  of  fair  competition  with  the  best  work  shown.  They 
are  striving  for  excellence,  and  desire  recognition  only  for  demon- 
strated merit.  In  order,  however,  that  the  enormous  amount  of  work 
being  done  by  women  might  be  appreciated,  a  tabulated  statement 
was  procured  and  shown  with  every  exhibit,  stating  the  proportion  of 
woman's  work  that  enters  into  it.  The  application  blanks  sent  out 
to  manufacturers  contained  this  inquiry. 

Besides  the  foregoing  extensive  exhibit  women  had  another  op- 
portunity of  displaying  work  of  superior  excellence  in  an  advan- 
tageous way  in  the  Woman's  building,  over  which  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  exercised  complete  control.  In  its  central  gallery  is 
grouped  the  most  brilliant  achievements  of  women  from  every  country 
and  in  every  line  of  work.  Exhibits  here  were  admitted  only  by 
invitation,  which  was  considered  the  equivalent  of  a  prize.  No  sen- 
timental sympathy  for  women  caused  the  admission  of  second-rate 
objects,  for  the  highest  standard  of  excellence  was  here  strictly  main- 
tained. Commissions  of  women  organized  in  all  countries  as  auxilia- 
ries to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  were  asked  to  recommend  objects 
of  special  excellence  produced  by  women,  and  producers  of  such  sue- 


THE   WORLD'S  COL  UMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  207 


cessful  work  were  invited  to  place  specimens  in  the  gallery  of  the 
Woman's  Building. 

The  platform  for  the  guidance  of  commissions  and  organizations 
throughout  the  world  who  desired  to  cooperate  with  the  Board  of 
L/ady  Managers  was  laid  down  as  follows : 

1.  To  procure,  for  competition  in  the  main  buildings,  a  representative 
exhibit  showing  the  work  of  women  in  all  the  varied  occupations  in  which 
they  engage. 

2.  To  procure  as  far  as  possible  statistics  as  to  the  amount  of  woman's  work 
that  enters  into  every  exhibit,  and  interesting  data  connected  with  the  same. 

3.  To  recommend  to  the  Board  work  of  such  supreme  excellence  as  to  be 
worthy  of  admission  to  the  gallery  of  the  Woman's  Building. 

4.  To  recommend  to  the  Board  such  women  as  have  the  requisite  expert 
knowledge  to  serve  on  various  juries  of  award. 

5.  To  see  that  the  educational  work  being  carried  on  by  women,  from  the 
primaty  to  the  highest  branches  of  education,  is  exhibited  when  possible,  and 
when  not  possible  that  it  be  illustrated  by  means  of  maps,  charts,  photographs, 
monographs,  relief  models,  etc. 

6.  To  see  that  the  charitable  and  philanthropic  work,  as  well  as  that  to 
promote  recreation,  healthfnlness,  reform,  etc.,  inaugurated  by  women,  is  either 
exhibited  or  made  matter  of  record  as  above. 

7.  To  aid  in  giving  suitable  publicity  to  the  plans  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  in  all  the  leading  papers,  through  the  agency  of  press  women  when 
possible. 

8.  To  aid  in  the  collection  of  a  loan  exhibit  of  old   lace,   embroideries, 
fans,  etc. 

9.  To  secure  books  written  by  women  for  the  woman's  library,  especially 
such  as  relate  to  the  exact  sciences,  philosophy,  art,  etc. 

10.  To  secure  from  every  country  a  chronological  exhibit,  showing  the  evo- 
lution and  progress  of  woman's  industries  from  the  earliest  time  to  the  present. 

THE  MACHINERY  HALL. — Machinery  Hall  is  second  only 
to  the  ADMINISTRATION  BUILDING  in  the  magnificence  of  its  appear- 
ance. It  is  850  by  500  feet.  It  presents  the  appearance  of  a  grand 
church  and  palace  of  the  old  world  combined  and  on  the  largest  scale, 
and  was  designed,  with  the  other  buildings  on  the  great  plaza  where  it 
stands,  with  a  view  to  making  a  grand  background  for  display,  and  in 
order  to  conform  to  the  general  richness  of  the  court  and  add  to  the  strik- 
ing appearance,  the  two  facades  of  the  Machinery  Hall  in  the  court  are 
rich  with  colonnades  and  other  features.  The  design  follows  classical 
models  throughout,  the  detail  being  followed  from  the  renaissance  of 
Seville  and  other  Spanish  towns,  as  being  appropriate  to  a  Colum- 
bian celebration.  An  arcade  in  the  first  story  admits  passage  around 


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208 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITIOX.  209 


the  buildings  under  cover,  and  as  in  all  other  buildings,  the  front  is 
formed  of  "staff"'  colored  to  an  attractive  tone  ;  the  ceilings  are  en- 
riched with  strong  color.  A  colonnade  with  a  cafe  at  either  end 
forms  the  length  between  MACHINERY  and  AGRICULTURAL  HALLS, 
and  in  the  center  of  this  colonnade  is  an  archway  leading  to  the 
Cattle  Exhibit.  From  this  portico  there  extends  a  view  nearly  a  mile 
in  length  down  the  lagoon,  and  an  obelisk  and  fountain  in  the 
lagoon  for  the  southern  point  of  view. 

Machinery  Hall  with  the  Machinery  Annex,  somewhat  smaller 
but  of  similar  construction,  and  the  Power  House  cost  nearly  one 
million  and  a  quarter  dollars.  Machinery  Annex  is  on  the  west  of 
Machinery  Hall,  and  is  an  annex  in  fact  and  not  a  detached  edifice. 
The  Annex  covers  between  four  and  five  acres  and  increases  the 
length  of  the  machinery  building  to  nearly  1,400  feet,  making  it  the 
second  largest  of  all  the  EXPOSITION  BUILDINGS,  the  great  manufac- 
tures structure  alone  exceeding  it  in  size. 

It  is  spanned  by  three  arched  trusses  and  the  interior  presents  the 
appearance  of  three  railroad  train  houses  side  by  side,  surrounded  on 
all  sides  by  a  gallery  fifty  feet  wide.  An  elevated  traveling  train  runs 
the  entire  length  of  the  long  naves  for  moving  machinery. 

The  location  of  the  Hall  is  at  the  extreme  south  end  of  the  Park, 
midway  between  Lake  Michigan  and  the  west  line  of  the  Park.  It 
is  west  across  the  lagoon  from  the  AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING,  and 
just  south  of  the  ADMINISTRATION  BUILDING.  Peabody  &  Stearns, 
of  Boston,  are  the  architects. 

All  the  power  for  running  the  machinery  is  supplied  from  the 
separate  Power  House,  adjoining  Machinery  Hall,  which  will  contain 
the  steam-boilers,  the  engines  and  the  dynamos,  provision  being 
made  to  supply  the  largest  amount  of  electrical  power  ever  made.  A 
number  of  steam-engines  of  various  types  will  furnish  16,000  horse- 
power, operating  the  dynamos  for  light  and  power,  and  driving  the 
shafting.  It  is  only  in  Machinery  Hall  and  Annex  that  steam-power 
will  be  used.  All  the  power  elsewhere  will  be  required  here  con- 
trasts with  the  6,000  at  the  Paris  Exposition,  and  the  1,456  horse- 
power Corliss  engine  driving  the  machinery  at  the  Philadelphia  Cen- 
tennial Exposition. 

The  display  of  machinery  is  large  and  more  interesting  than 
any  ever  made  before  in  an  International  Exposition.     The  electrical 
machines  are  confined,  of  course,  to  the  electrical  department,  and 
14 


210      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD  S  FAIR. 


some  of  the  mining  machinery  to  the  mines  and  mining  department, 
but  nevertheless  every  inch  of  space  is  taken  up  in  the  machinery 
building  and  the  scene  is  one  of  the  greatest  animation  from  one  end 
of  the  great  hall  to  the  other.  Everything  from  the  smallest  to  the 
most  ponderous  machines  of  the  age  is  to  be  seen  in  the  building  and 
its  annexes,  and  everything  is  in  motion.  The  visitor  is  struck  at 
once  with  the  great  diversity  shown  in  the  construction  of  engines, 
some  of  which  exhibit  movements  that  he  little  dreamed  of.  The 
nations  of  the  earth  are  in  competition  here.  England,  Germany, 
France,  Holland,  Belgium  and  other  European  countries  have  sent 
the  best  examples  of  their  machinery,  and  the  United  States  makes 
an  exhibit  which  alongside  of  the  best  any  of  the  other  nations  has 
to  offer  is  creditable.  This  is  the  land  of  invention,  and  the  applica- 
tion of  steam  to  all  sorts  of  purposes  was  never  before  so  fully  illus- 
trated. Machinery  is  doing  everything,  and  more  than  the  hands  of 
man  were  employed  in  doing  a  century  ago.  Some  of  the  ingenious 
contrivances  one  would  imagine  almost  think,  so  thoroughly  do  they 
perform  the  task  assigned  them.  Here  the  machinery  used  in  every 
branch  of  manufacture  is  in  operation.  The  arrangement  is  perfect, 
and  from  the  trains  which  move  around  the  building  above,  the 
visitor  can  take  a  splendid  observation  of  the  entire  exhibit.  The 
enormous  extent  of  space  under  roof  in  the  buildings  devoted  to 
machinery,  in  round  numbers  nearly  eighteen  acres,  is  proof  of  the 
appreciation  of  the  importance  of  this  branch  of  the  Exposition  by 
the  management. 

THE  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING.— 
The  mammoth  structure  of  the  Great  Columbian  Exposition  is  the 
MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING.  It  is  symmetrical 
throughout  in  its  proportions.  It  is  the  largest  exposition  building 
ever  constructed,  being  1,688  feet  long  by  788  feet  wide,  and  cover- 
ing nearly  thirty-one  acres.  A  gallery  fifty  feet  wide  extends  around 
the  entire  building  inside,  on  all  four  sides,  by  which  is  added  more 
than  eight  acres  to  the  floor  space  available  for  exhibits,  and  making 
the  total  floor  area  of  the  building  forty  acres  in  all.  In  addition  to 
this  there  are  eighty-six  smaller  galleries,  twelve  feet  wide,  project- 
ing from  the  great  gallery,  from  which  can  be  seen  the  vast  array 
of  exhibits  and  the  throng  of  people  on  the  floor  below.  An  avenue 
fifty  feet  wide  extends  throughout  the  length  of  the  building,  on  the 
main  floor,  called  l'  Columbia  Avenue  ;"  and  this  is  crossed  at  right 


211 


212      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


angles  at  the  center  by  another  avenue  of  the  same  width.  The  roof 
covering  this  immense  edifice  is  of  iron  and  glass,  and  arches  an  area 
of  385  by  1400  feet,  and  has  its  ridge  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  from 
the  ground.  The  steel  trusses  for  the  roof  will  contain  more  metal 
by  50  per  cent,  than  the  Brooklyn  bridge. 

This  gigantic  edifice,  with  all  its  elaborate  ornamentation,  cost 
one  million  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  It  occupies  a  most  ad- 
vantageous position,  facing  the  lake,  with  lawns  and  promenades 
between ;  and  relatively  to  the  other  exposition  buildings, — on  the 
west  is  the  ELECTRICAL  BUILDING  and  the  lagoon  separating  it  from 
Wooded  Island  ;  on  the  south  the  harbor  and  in-jutting  lagoon  ;  and 
on  the  north  the  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING.  Its  own 
vastness  and  its  location  make  it  the  most  conspicuous  building  on 
the  grounds. 

In  exterior  appearance  the  building  is  covered  with  ' '  staff, ' '  and 
so  treated  as  to  be  made  to  represent  marble.  The  great  fluted  col- 
umns and  immense  arches  are  apparently  of  this  substantial  and 
beautiful  material.  There  are  many  fine  entrances  to  the  building ; 
but  those  at  the  corners  and  midway  at  the  sides  of  the  structure  are 
grand,  with  their  lofty  arches  and  piers  of  elaborate  design  and  orna- 
mentation. 

THE  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING  is  in  the 
Corinthian  style  of  architecture,  and  in  point  of  being  severely  classic 
excels  nearly  all  of  the  other  edifices.  The  long  array  of  columns 
and  arches  which  its  facades  present  is  relieved  from  monotony  by 
very  elaborate  ornamentation.  In  this  ornamentation  female  figures, 
symbolical  of  the  various  arts  and  sciences,  play  a  conspicuous  and 
very  attractive  part.  Designs  showing  in  relief  the  seals  of  the  dif- 
ferent States  of  the  Union  and  of  various  foreign  nations  also  appear 
in  the  ornamentation.  These,  of  course,  are  gigantic  in  their  pro- 
portions. THE  AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING  perhaps  is  the  only  one 
which  has  a  more  elaborately  ornamental  exterior  than  has  this  co- 
lossal structure. 

This  building  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  marvels  of  the  Exposi- 
tion, for  its  architectural  success.  George  B.  Post,  of  New  York,  is 
the  architect. 

It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  one  might  spend  an  entire  month 
in  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  building,  giving  ten  hours  a 
day  to  the  inspection  of  exhibits  without  seeing  all  that  is  displayed 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  o13 


here.  The  term  "World's  Fair"  maybe  appropriately  applied  to 
this  department  alone,  for  here  are  the  evidences  of  the  progress  of 
mankind  in  every  section  of  the  habitable  globe.  Whatever  ma- 
chinery or  inventions  may  have  accomplished  ;  whatever  the  soil  may 
have  produced  or  the  produce  of  the  soil  nourished,  the  results  are 
here.  Science,  art  and  industry  have  their  special  departments  ;  steam 
and  electricity  are  represented  fully  ;  but  these  may  be  denominated 
causes  ;  the  effects  of  all  our  knowledge  in  science,  art  and  industry, 
of  the  inventions  in  electrical  and  steam  force,  in  navigation,  in 
transportation,  in  culture,  are  made  manifest  in  the  Manufactures 
and  Liberal  Arts  building.  Here  are  the  higher  products  of  the  age, 
the  necessaries  and  luxuries  of  the  civilized  world.  If  the  visitor, 
after  passing  through  the  Art,  Agricultural,  Machinery,  Forestry, 
Horticultural  and  all  the  other  departments  and  sections,  is  desirous 
of  obtaining  an  insight  into  the  results  of  man's  achievements  in  all 
these  branches  of  intellectual  development  and  refinement,  he  will 
find  it  in  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  building.  The  Liberal 
Arts  department  alone  covers  an  immense  space,  and  here  the  educa- 
tional institutes  and  all  that  enters  into  educational  systems  of  the 
various  countries  are  fully  represented. 

THE  ELECTRICAL,  BUILDING.— The  Electrical  Building  has 
all  the  imposing  appearance  to  qualify  it  to  stand  among  the  noble 
structures  about  it  devoted  to  older  arts  and  sciences.  There  will  be 
represented  in  it  a  wonderful  growth  in  a  very  short  period  of  time. 

This  structure  has  an  open  portico  running  along  the  whole  of 
the  south  facade,  the  lower  or  Ionic  order  of  architecture  forming  an 
open  screen  in  front  of  it.  Its  various  pavilions  are  furnished  with 
windows  and  balconies.  The  exterior  orders  are  richly  decorated  in 
details,  and  friezes,  pediments,  panels  and  spandrils  have  received  a 
decoration  of  figures  in  relief  with  architectural  motifs ;  the  general 
tendency  of  which  is  to  illustrate  the  purposes  of  the  building. 

The  architects  have  designed  the  building  in  its  details  and  gen- 
eral outlines  so  that  they  might  be  capable  of  producing  an  illumina- 
tion by  night  on  a  scale  hitherto  unknown,  the  flag-staffs,  the  open 
porticos,  all  being  arranged  with  this  in  view.  By  day  a  fine  effect  is 
produced  by  the  color  of  the  exterior  which  is  like  marble,  but  the 
walls  of  the  hemicycle  and  of  the  various  porticoes  and  loggia  are 
highly  enriched  with  color,  the  pilasters  in  these  places  being  decor- 
ated with  scagliola  and  the  capitals  with  metallic  effects  in  bronze. 


214 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  215 


This  building  is  351  feet  wide  and  769  feet  long,  the  major  axis 
running  north  and  south.  It  fronts  south  on  the  great  quadrangle 
or  court,  north  on  the  lagoon,  east  opposite  the  MANUFACTURES 
BUILDING,  and  west  the  MINES  BUILDING. 

The  general  plan  is  as  follows :  A  longitudinal  nave  115  feet  wide 
and  114  feet  high,  crossed  in  the  middle  by  a  transept  of  the  same 
width  and  height.  The  nave  and  the  transept  have  a  pitched  roof 
with  a  range  of  skylights  at  the  bottom  of  the  pitch  and  clerestory 
windows.  A  flat  roof  covers  the  rest  of  the  building,  averaging  62 
feet  in  height  and  provided  with  skylights.  The  second  story  is 
composed  of  a  series  of  galleries  connected  across  the  nave  by  two 
bridges,  with  access  by  four  grand  staircases.  The  area  of  the 
galleries  in  the  second  story  is  118,546  square  feet,  or  2.7  acres. 

The  exterior  walls  of  this  building  are  composed  of  a  continuous 
Corinthian  order  of  pilasters  3  feet  6  inches  wide  and  42  feet  high, 
supporting  a  full  entablature,  and  resting  upon  a  sylobale  3  feet  6 
inches.  Thus  it  is  seen  that  these  columns  extend  throughout  the 
first  and  second  stories.  The  total  height  of  the  walls  from  the  grade 
outside  is  68  feet  6  inches. 

There  are  two  great  semi-circular  projections  to  the  structure, 
flanked  by  two  towers  195  feet  high,  and  the  north  pavilion  is  placed 
between  these  two  projecting  portions  of  the  building.  The  great 
semi-circular  window  is  the  central  feature  of  the  edifice,  and  above 
it  1 02  feet  from  the  ground,  is  a  colonnade  forming  an  open  loggia  or 
gallery,  commanding  a  view  over  the  lagoon  and  all  the  north  por- 
tion of  the  grounds. 

There  are  central  pavilions  on  the  east  and  west  which  are  com- 
posed of  towers  168  feet  high.  In  front  of  these  two  pavilions  is  a 
great  portico  composed  of  the  Corinthian  order  with  full  columns. 

On  the  south  there  is  a  a  pavilion  semi-circular  in  form,  78  feet 
in  diameter  and  103  feet  high.  The  opening  of  this  niche  is  framed 
by  a  semi-circular  arch,  which  is  crowned  by  a  gable  or  pediment 
with  smaller  gables  on  the  returns  and  surmounted  by  an  attic,  the 
whole  reaching  the  height  of  142  feet.  In  the  center  of  this  niche,  upon 
a  lofty  pedestal,  is  very  appropriately  placed,  a  colossal  statue  of 
FRANKLIN,  "whose  illustrious  name  intimately  connects  the  early 
history  of  the  Republic  with  one  of  the  most  important  discoveries  in 
the  phenomena  of  electricity."  Van  Brunt  &  Howe,  of  Kansas  City, 
are  the  architects.  The  cost  of  this  structure  is  $375,000. 


216      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


The  Electrical  Department  of  the  Columbian  Exposition  will 
be  a  revelation  to  even  those  who  attribute  almost  miraculous 
powers  to  the  great  force.  A  hundred  thousand  incandescent  lamps 
placed  harmoniously  about  the  grounds  and  buildings,  and  10,000  arc 
lamps  distributed  advantageously  to  light  up  the  beautiful  architec- 
ture and  pleasing  landscape,  would  alone  furnish  almost  a  fairy  spec- 
tacle ;  but  combine  with  these,  electric  fountains,  pointing  rainbow 
sprays  toward  the  sky,  glittering  lamps  of  many  colors  sparkling 
under  the  clear  waters  of  the  lagoons  and  at  night  setting  out  in  all 
their  dainty  colorings  the  floral  beauties  and  the  most  brilliant  kaleid- 
oscope will  fade  in  an  every-day  dull  contrast. 

The  Electrical  Building  itself  is  beautiful  beyond  description. 
Beside  general  ornamentation  made  under  the  direction  of  the  chief 
of  that  department  each  exhibitor  has  been  on  his  mettle  to  outdo  his 
neighbor  in  uniqueness  of  design  and  grandeur  in  result.  The  lav- 
ing out  of  arbitrary  aisles  in  the  building  resulted  in  leaving  a  circu- 
lar space  thirty  feet  in  diameter  in  precisely  the  center  of  the  building. 
This  space  was  the  most  desirable  of  course,  and  upon  designs  for  it 
nearly  twenty  firms  set  at  work.  One  firm,  engaged  in  the  business 
of  artistic  lighting,  undertook  to  construct  a  great  tower  reaching  to 
the  dome  of  the  building,  160  feet  in  height,  the  whole  to  be  made  of 
Bohemian  crystal,  vari-colored  and  in  hundreds  of  dainty  designs,  all 
lighted  from  within  by  opalescent  and  tinted  incandescent  globes 
wrought  into  figures,  designed  to  contrast  pleasingly  with  the  shim- 
mering exterior. 

Other  exhibitors  designed  evanescent  arches  of  incandescent 
lamps  to  span  the  main  aisles  of  the  building,  the  designs  being  so 
constructed  that  the  figures  could  be  changed  instantaneously  from  a 
switch  board  hidden  from  view  at  the  exhibitor's  space.  The  best 
talent  was  secured  by  the  larger  electrical  companies  for  the  work  of 
preparation  of  the  department  exhibit,  and  $2,000,000  were  appropri- 
ated for  the  purpose. 

A  model  house  has  been  built  to  demonstrate  in  actual  operation 
every  economic  application  of  electricity  for  use  in  the  home. 

Thomas  A.  Edison,  the  greatest  of  living  electrical  inventors,  has 
been  deeply  interested  in  this  department.  His  company  it  is  be- 
lieved has  invested  half  a  million  dollars  in  its  display. 

All  of  the  great  electrical  companies,  telegraph  and  telephone 
companies,  street  railway  and  lighting  and  machinery  companies  of 


218      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


the  United  States  and  the  world  at  large  are  represented  in  the  Elec- 
trical Building.  An  especially  good  display  of  engines  and  dynamos 
comes  from  England,  and  in  fact  the  leading  features  of  the  electrical 
exhibition  held  in  London  in  1892  are  all  here.  Eugene  and  Paul 
Champion,  of  Neuilly-sur-Seine,  France,  have  a  series  of  electrical 
fireworks  for  the  Exposition.  Neither  gunpowder,  dynamite,  nor 
other  explosive  material  is  used  in  producing  the  dazzling  effects. 
Among  the  novelties  is  a  model  light  house  prepared  for  the  World's 
Fair  by  Sauter,  Harle  &  Co. ,  of  Paris. 

The  German  electrical  firm  of  Shuckertt  &  Co.,  of  Nuremberg, 
makes  a  general  exhibit  in  the  electrical  department,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  gave  one  of  the  Shuckertt  ground  glass  reflectors  for  the  ser- 
vices of  the  Exposition,  and  asked  that  it  be  given  a  prominent  loca- 
tion in  a  convenient  point  to  light  the  lake  shore  and  the  harbor  of 
the  Exposition.  A  complete  system,  demonstrating  the  European 
idea  of  long-distance  transmission,  is  exhibited.  A  large  multiphase 
dynamo  of  the  five-wire  system  is  also  among  the  European  exhibits. 
A  1,500  horse-power  direct  current  dynamo,  a  500  horse-power  alter- 
nating current  dynamo,  and  a  1,000  horse-power  motor  are  features 
of  the  exhibition  of  the  Siemens  &  Halske  Company.  A  new  street- 
car motor  for  conduit  operation,  developed  by  Herr  Hasselwander,  of 
Germany,  the  Buda-Pesth  conduit  railway  of  Siemens  &  Halske,  and 
a  number  of  storage  battery  systems  of  different  European  firms  are 
likewise  exhibited.  The  electrical  display  made  by  Siemens  & 
Halske,  of  Germany,  is  probably  the  most  extensive  and  costly  ever 
witnessed. 

In  this  connection  it  might  be  well  to  say  that  the  following  is 
the  arrangement  of  electric  lights  :  Arc  lights — Machinery  Hall,  600 ; 
Agricultural,  600 ;  Electricity  Building,  400 ;  Mines  and  Mining 
Building,  400 ;  Transportation  Building,  450 ;  Horticultural  Hall, 
400;  Forestry  Building,  150;  Manufactures  Building  2,000.  The 
Fine  Arts  Building  is  completely  lined  with  incandescent  lamps,  and 
one  mile  of  wall  space,  on  which  pictures  are  hung,  is  lighted.  The 
number  of  lamps  is  12,000.  There  are  no  arc  lights  in  this  building. 
The  Woman's  Building  is  lighted  by  both  systems.  It  was  decided 
to  place  in  it  180  arc  lights  and  2,700  incandescent  lamps.  The  re- 
ception and  dressing  rooms  are  furnished  with  the  incandescent  lamps. 
The  Administration  Building  is  supplied  with  1,000  incandescent 
lamps.  The  Machinery  and  Agricultural  Annexes  are  supplied  with 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  219 


arc  lights.     Each  building  is  furnished  with  wires  for  incandescent 
lighting  in  order  to  accommodate  the  exhibitors. 

The  saw  mills  are  run  by  electricity.  The  Manufactures  Build- 
ing is  supplied  with  electric  power,  and  the  saw  mill  employed  there 
is  worked  by  that  force.  At  the  Paris  Exposition  but  three  build- 
ings were  furnished  with  electric  light.  Each  structure  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  has  a  plant  which  may  be  used  night 
and  day. 

In  all  there  are  used,  approximately,  127,000  electric  lamps,  of 
which  7,000  are  arc,  of  2,000  candle  power  each,  and  120,000  in- 
candescent sixteen  candle  power  lamps.  To  run  the  plant  22.000 
horse-power  is  required.  The  World's  Fair  directors  spent  $i,- 
000,000  for  these  electric  plants.  Exhibitors  are  not  required  to 
pay  anything  for  light,  except  in  cases  where  they  call  for  more 
lamps  than  are  furnished  by  the  construction  department. 

It  was  the  aim  of  the  management  to  make  the  World's  Fair 
site  and  the  buildings  one  grand  exemplification  of  the  progress 
that  has  been  made  in  electricity.  The  electrical  exhibits  are  con- 
fined to  a  few  of  the  buildings,  but  on  every  hand  there  is  a  dis- 
play of  electricity.  The  grounds,  including  the  water-ways,  the 
wooded  island,  the  streets  and  avenues,  and  boulevards  approach- 
ing the  World's  Fair  site,  are  all  lighted  by  electricity,  and  in 
harmony  with  the  general  effect  which  it  is  desired  to  produce. 
The  great  structures  of  the  Exposition  are  turned  into  a  panoramic 
view  at  night  by  the  aid  of  powerful  electric  search  lights.  On  the 
gilded  dome  of  the  Administration  building,  on  the  centre  pavilion 
of  the  Casino,  and  at  other  suitable  points  these  search  lights  are 
placed.  During  the  evenings  on  which  the  Exposition  is  open,  the 
lights  are  turned  on  the  several  main  buildings  and  water-ways  so  as 
to  flood  them  with  a  sudden  burst  of  electric  splendor.  Glimpses  of 
the  outlines  of  woods,  water  and  buildings  suddenly  flash  before  the 
eye.  And  this  panoramic  view  may  be  had  from  different  points  of 
observation. 

THE  TRANSPORTATION  BUILDING. — The  Transportation 
Building  is  a  long  structure  and  is  much  of  the  Romanesque  in  its 
style  of  architecture.  It  is  exquisitely  refined  and  simple  in  archi- 
tectural treatment,  although  it  is  very  rich  and  elaborate  in  detail. 
Its  interior  is  treated  much  after  the  manner  of  a  Roman  Basilica, 
with  broad  nave  and  side  aisles.  The  roof  is  in  three  divisions,  the 


220 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  2'21 


middle  one  rising  much  higher  than  the  sides,  with  a  beautiful 
arcaded  clerestory.  The  cupola,  exactly  in  the  centre  of  the  build- 
ing, rises  165  feet  from  the  ground.  The  main  entrance  is  an  im- 
mense single  arch,  enriched  to  an  extraordinary  degree  with  carv- 
ings, bas-reliefs  and  mural  paintings,  the  entire  feature  forming  a 
rich  and  beautiful,  yet  quiet  color  climax,  treated  entirely  in  leaf, 
and  called  the  ' '  Golden  Door. ' '  There  are  numerous  other  entrances 
and  with  them  are  grouped  terraces,  seats,  drinking  fountains  and 
statues.  This  leads  to  the  central  open  space,  surmounted  by  a  cu- 
pola rising  165  feet,  and  reached  by  eight  "lifts"  which  will  be 
themselves  exhibits.  These  carry  visitors  to  the  galleries  running 
along  the  sides  of  the  building.  The  remainder  of  the  architectural 
composition  falls  into  harmony  with  the  highly-wrought  entrance, 
and  is  duly  quiet  and  modest  in  treatment.  The  main  building  of  the 
Transportation  Exhibits  is  960  feet  front  by  256  feet  deep,  and  will  ex- 
tend westward  to  Stony  Island  avenue.  Adjoining  on  the  west  is  the 
Transportation  Annex,  a  triangle  of  nine  acres,  consisting  of  one-story 
buildings,  each  64  feet  wide,  set  side  by  side.  These  will  contain  in 
spaces  1 6  feet  wide,  long  railway  lines,  to  exhibit  trains  of  both 
freight  and  passenger  cars  and  engines.  This  display  is  expected  to 
be  stupendous,  and  hence  the  large  space  devoted  to  it.  There  will 
be  at  least  100  locomotives  arranged  so  that  each  will  face  a  central 
avenue,  making  a  fine  perspective  effect.  Everything  in  the  way  of 
transportation  is  expected  to  be  exhibited,  ranging  from  a  baby  car- 
riage to  a  huge  "Mogul"  engine.  Technically  this  exhibit  will  in- 
clude everything  comprised  in  class  G  of  the  official  classification. 
It  forms,  with  other  buildings,  the  northern  or  picturesque  quad- 
rangle. It  is  situated  between  the  HORTICULTURAL  HALL  and  the 
MINES  BUILDING.  Its  arcial  relation  is  with  the  MANUFACTURERS' 
BUILDING  on  the  east  side  of  the  quadrangle  ;  the  central  feature  of 
each  of  the  two  buildings  being  on  the  same  east  and  west  line. 

The  cupola  of  the  TRANSPORTATION  BUILDING,  viewed  from  the 
lagoon,  will  form  the  effective  southwest  accent  of  the  quadrangle, 
while  from  the  cupola  itself,  reached  by  eight  elevators,  the  Northern 
Court,  the  most  beautiful  effect  on  the  entire  Exposition,  may  be 
seen  in  all  its  glory.  These  elevators  of  themselves  will  natur- 
ally form  a  part  of  the  TRANSPORTATION  EXHIBIT,  and  as  they  will 
also  carry  passengers  to  galleries  at  various  stages  of  height,  a  fine 
view  of  the  interior  of  the  building  ma}'  be  easily  obtained.  The 


222      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 


main  galleries  of  this  building  will  prove  quite  accessible  to  visitors 
because  of  the  abundant  placing  of  passenger  elevators. 

\l  we  add  to  the  effect  of  the  exhibits  the  architectural  impres- 
sion given  by  the  long  vista  of  richly  ornamental  colonnades,  it  may 
he  easily  imagined  that  the  interior  of  the  Transportation  Building 
will  be  one  of  the  most  impressive  of  the  Exposition.  A  transfer 
railway  with  75  foot  tables  will  run  the  entire  length  of  the  structure 
and  immediately  west  of  the  main  building,  to  assist  in  the  placing 
of  exhibits.  Adler  &  Sullivan,  of  Chicago,  are  the  architects.  The 
Transportation  Building  cost  about  $300,000. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  world's  fairs  it  was  decided  to 
give  the  science  of  transportation  in  its  broadest  meaning  that  atten- 
tion to  which  its  importance  entitles  it.  Every  method  of  transpor- 
tation, except  the  back  of  the  mule  and  the  foot  of  man,  is  shown. 
The  development  of  modern  transportation  has  been  so  recent  and 
rapid  that  its  significance  has  hardly  been  understood.  Already  its 
early  history  is  in  many  instances  fading  away  or  utterly  lost. 
Judged  by  their  relations  to  the  every  day  life  of  the  world,  no  other 
industry  surpasses  it  in  utility  or  equals  it  as  a  power  in  the  progress 
of  civilization.  Considered  from  the  stand-point  of  the  amount  of 
capital  invested,  it  overshadows  every  other  industry.  Prof.  Arthur 
T.  Hadley  of  Yale  College  says : 

"The  railroads  of  to-day  are  worth  from  $25,000,000,000  to  $30,- 
000,000,000.  This  probably  represents  one- tenth  of  the  total  wealth 
of  civilized  nations,  and  one-quarter,  if  not  one-third,  of  their  in- 
vested capital.  It  is  doubtful  whether  the  aggregate  plant  in  all 
manufacturing  industries  can  equal  it  in  value.  The  capital  engaged 
in  banking  is  a  trifle  beside  it.  The  world's  whole  stock  in  money 
of  every  kind — gold,  silver  and  paper — would  purchase  only  a  third 
of  its  railroads." 

If  to  the  railroads  be  added  the  shipping  of  the  world  and  all 
means  of  conveyance  on  common  roads,  the  magnitude  of  the  in- 
terests represented  in  this  department  of  the  World's  Columbian  Ex- 
position may  be  fairly  estimated. 

It  was  the  intent  of  this  department  that  it  should  fully  and 
fairly  present  the  origin,  growth  and  development  of  the  various 
methods  of  transportation  used  in  all  ages  and  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
As  far  as  possible  the  means  and  appliances  of  the  barbarous  and 
semi-civilized  tribes  are  shown  by  specimen  vehicles,  trappings  and 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  223 


craft.  Past  history  is  illustrated  by  relics  of  the  earlier  days.  The 
development  of  water  craft,  from  the  crudest  forms  to  the  modern 
ocean  steamship ;  of  the  wheeled  vehicles  from  the  first  inception  of 
the  idea  of  the  wheel  to  their  present  seeming  perfection  ;  and  of  that 
greatest  of  all  means  of  transportation — the  railway — is  also  further 
illustrated  by  accurate  models,  driwings,  plans,  and  designs,  in  case  .-, 
where  the  actual  apparatus,  appliance  or  machine  itself  could  not  be 
exhibited.  It  was  the  aim  of  this  department  to  keep  the  historical 
feature  clearly  in  view,  and  even  to  magnify  it.  By  so  doing  the 
greatest  exhibition  of  the  actual  means  of  transportation  employed 
throughout  the  world  to-day  stands  out  in  high  relief  by  contrast, 
and  the  wonderful  achievements  of  recent  years  bear  more  weighty 
testimony  to  the  genius  of  the  age  in  which  we  live. 

Exhibits  in  this  department  are  divided  into  six  general  classes 
— railways,  intramural  transit,  carriages  and  other  vehicles  for  com- 
mon roads,  bicycles,  aerial  and  pneumatic  machines,  and  marine 
transportation.  Of  these  the  railways,  as  most  important,  demand 
most  space.  A  space  of  over  eight  acres  is  devoted  to  this  interest. 
The  plan  adopted  provides  for  the  best  possible  utilization  of  space. 
Exhibitors  have  every  opportunity  for  showing  their  appliances  and 
devices  to  the  best  advantage.  As  far  as  possible,  arrangements  were 
made  by  joint  agreement  for  showing  everything  in  its  proper  place 
and  relations.  Locomotive  appliances  are  best  shown  on  locomo- 
tives and  the  appurtenances  and  furnishings  of  cars  on  cars. 

It  is  believed  that  nearly  all  of  the  establishments  engaged  in 
locomotive,  car  and  bridge  building  are  represented.  A  large  number 
of  the  leading  railways  of  the  world  also  make  exhibits  of  their 
standard  roadbed,  track,  and  equipment.  Street  railways — surface, 
underground,  and  elevated — are  shown  very  completely  in  this  de- 
partment. 

A  large  portion  of  the  floor  space  of  the  Transportation  building 
proper  is  devoted  to  the  display  of  carriages  and  vehicles  for  common 
roads. 

Bicycles,  the  most  recent  of  all  road  vehicles,  receive  the  atten- 
tion to  which  their  popularity  and  rapidly  increasing  use  entitle  them. 

Transportation  through  the  air  and  by  means  of  air  is  yet  in  a 
comparatively  undeveloped  condition.  Whatever  is  worthy  in  past 
achievements  is  sent  here,  and  whatever  there  is  of  present  success 
or  future  promise.  Whether  or  not  this  realm  is  ever  conquered  by 


224 


THE   WORLD'S  COL  UMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


human  ingenuity,  the  subject  will  ever  be  a  fascinating  one.  Mont- 
golfier's  early  attempts  in  this  field  are  exemplified,  and  the  modern 
schools  for  the  training  of  aeronauts  have  space  allotted  to  them. 

Every  known  method  of  transportation  on  water  is  shown  in 
this  division.  Small  craft  of  all  kinds  are  exhibited  in  full  size ;  ves- 
sels, from  the  nature  of  the  case,  must  be  shown  by  models.  For 
fuller  illustration,  drawings,  plans  and  paintings  are  shown.  Much 
attention  is  given  to  the  merchant  marine.  The  navigation  of  the 
inland  -waters  of  the  world,  especially  the  great  lakes  and  rivers,  is 
illustrated  more  fully  than  in  any  previous  exposition. 

THE  HALL  OF  MINES  AND  MINING.  — THE  MlNES  AND 
MINING  BUILDING  is  of  classic  architecture.  The  architect,  S.  S. 
Beman,  of  Chicago,  has  followed  mainly  the  early  Italian  renais- 
sance, with  which  he  has  taken  sufficient  liberty  to  adapt  it  to  its 
place  in  a  great  general  Exposition.  A  decided  French  spirit  per- 
vades the  exterior  design ;  but  it  is  kept  subordinate.  Its  plan  is 
simple  and  straightforward,  embracing  on  the  ground  floor  spacious 
vestibules,  restaurants,  toilet  rooms,  etc.  This  building  is  700  feet 
long  by  350  feet  wide,  and  its  location  is  at  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  Western  Lagoon  or  lake,  and  between  the  ELECTRICITY  and 
TRANSPORTATION  BUILDINGS. 

There  are  entrances  at  the  sides ;  but  two  grand  entrances  are 
placed  at  the  ends,  north  and  south,  each  no  feet  high,  their  enor- 
mous arched  ways  richly  embellished  with  sculptural  decorations, 
emblematic  of  mining  and  its  allied  industries,  and  opening  into  a 
vestibule  88  feet  high.  To  the  right  and  left  of  each  entrance  inside 
start  spacious  flights  of  stairs  leading  to  the  galleries,  which  are  60 
feet  wide,  25  feet  from  the  ground  floor,  and  lighted  on  all  sides  by 
large  windows,  and  from  above  by  a  high  clerestory  extending 
around  the  structure. 

The  main  front  south  looks  out  on  the  great  Central  Court,  and 
the  north  front  on  the  western  and  middle  lakes  and  a  beautiful 
thickly  wooded  island.  Each  corner  of  the  building  is  a  spacious 
square  pavilion,  each  being  surmounted  by  a  dome,  and  the  entire 
roof  is  of  glass,  elevated  100  feet  above  the  floor,  and  all  lighted  by 
arched  windows  extending  through  the  galleries.  The  cantilever 
system  applied  to  the  roof  is  the  only  one  used  in  the  Exposition 
buildings  excepting  the  laxedomes,  and  not  been  used  before  for  the 
support  of  roofs  as  in  the  Mines  Building. 


226      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE   TO   HIE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


Between  the  main  entrance  and  the  pavilions  are  richly  deco- 
rated arcades  forming  an  open  loggia  on  the  ground  floor  and  a 
deeply  recessed  promenade  on  the  gallery  floor  level,  which  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  lakes  and  islands  to  the  northward  and  the 
great  Central  Court  on  the  south.  These  covered  promenades  are 
each  25  feet  wide  and  230  feet  long,  and  from  them  is  had  access  to 
the  building  at  numerous  points.  The  loggias  on  the  first  floor  are 
faced  with  marbles  of  different  kinds  and  hues,  which  will  be  con- 
sidered part  of  the  Mining  Exhibit,  and  so  utilized  as  to  have  mar- 
ketable value  at  the  close  of  the  Exposition.  The  loggia  ceilings 
will  be  heavily  coffered  and  richly  decorated  in  plaster  and  color. 
The  ornamentation  is  massed  at  the  prominent  points  of  the  facade. 
The  exterior  presents  a  massive,  though  graceful  appearance. 

The  great  space  of  the  interior  is  one  story  high  and  630  feet 
long  by  230  feet  wide,  with  an  extreme  height  of  100  feet  at  the  cen- 
ter and  47  at  the  sides.  This  is  spanned  by  steel  cantilever  roof 
trusses  supported  on  steel  columns  placed  65  feet  apart  longitudinally 
and  115  feet  and  57  feet  6  inches  transversely,  thus  leaving  clear  space 
encumbered  with  only  16  supporting  steel  posts.  The  canti-levers 
are  of  pin  connection  to  facilitate  erection.  The  inner  and  higher 
ends  of  the  cantilevers  are  46  feet  apart,  and  the  space  between  them 
is  spanned  by  riveted  steel  trusses  with  an  elliptical  chord. 

The  exterior  of  this  structure,  like  that  of  all  the  others,  will  be 
made  of  ' '  staff, ' '  similar  to  that  used  in  facing  the  recent  Paris  Ex- 
position buildings.  The  cost  of  the  MINES  BUILDING  is  $250,000. 
This  large  building  is  to  contain  a  most  interesting  exhibition  of  the 
minerals  and  metals  of  this  country,  with  the  methods  and  appliances 
for  mining  and  working  them. 

In  no  other  department  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 
perhaps,  is  seen  a  greater  diversity  of  exhibits  than  that  of  Mines  and 
Mining.  Not  only  is  there  a  dazzling  array  of  diamonds,  opals,  emer- 
alds and  other  gems,  and  of  the  precious  metals,  but  a  most  exten- 
sive collection  of  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  other  ores,  and  of  their 
product ;  of  coal,  granite,  marble,  sandstone  and  other  building  stone  ; 
of  soils,  salt,  petroleum,  and,  indeed,  of  almost  everything  useful  or 
beautiful  belonging  to  the  mineral  kingdom.  The  mineral  resources 
and  products,  not  only  of  this  country  as  a  whole,  but  of  each  State 
and  section  as  well  as  of  foreign  countries  is  of  the  most  complete  and 
representative  description. 


THE  ART  INSTITUTE. 


227 


PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE   TO   THE   ll'OA'LD'S  EAlk. 


The  exhibit  of  coal  at  the  Exposition,  of  course,  is  qualitative 
rather  than  quantitative.  Not  only  are  the  different  varieties  of  coal, 
which  the  different  localities  produce,  shown,  but  chemical  analyses 
of  each  and  the  results  of  tests  determining  economic  value  and  adap- 
tability to  various  uses.  The  coal  resources  of  the  different  States 
and  sections  are  shown  by  geological  maps  and  drawings  giving  con- 
figuration, stratification,  etc.,  which  render  apparent  the  extent  and 
accessibility  of  the  coal  beds  and  veins. 

So,  too,  as  regards  iron.  The  most  strenuous  efforts  were  made 
to  have  an  exibit  worthy  of  that  great  branch  of  industry.  This 
country  is  now  the  first  nation  in  the  world  in  iron  production,  hav- 
ing recently  forged  ahead  of  Great  Britain,  its  only  real  competitor. 
Our  production  of  pig  iron  now  exceeds  10,000,000  tons  annually,  or 
nearly  four  times  what  it  was  ten  years  ago,  and  the  production  of 
steel  now  aggregates  about  5,000,000  tons  a  year,  a  growth  of  nearly 
300  per  cent,  in  the  decade.  The  development  of  the  iron  resources 
of  the  Southern  States  has  been  especially  great  and  rapid. 

Another  exhibit  which  is  very  extensive  and  varied  is  that  of 
building  stone.  Granite,  limestone,  marble,  sandstone  and  bluestone 
in  scores  of  colors,  are  shown  by  the  finest  specimens  procurable. 
Nearly  every  State  has  quarries  of  native  material  of  excellent  qual- 
ity. From  one  to  half  a  dozen  of  twenty  or  more  recognized  varieties 
of  granite,  for  example,  are  quarried  in  twenty-eight  states,  Massa- 
chusetts, Maine,  California  and  Connecticut  being  the  largest  pro- 
ducers. The  value  of  the  granite  output  in  1889  was  $14,464,095,  an 
increase  of  more  than  $9,000,000  over  that  of  1880.  Limestone  is 
quarried  in  almost  every  State,  Pennsylvania  and  Illinois  taking  the 
lead.  The  value  of  the  output  in  1889  was  $19,095,179.  This  is  ex- 
clusive of  the  output  of  marble,  which,  as  is  well  known,  is  a  species 
of  limestone,  the  quarrying  of  which  in  a  number  of  the  States  is  an 
important  and  extensive  industry.  Sandstone,  including  bluestone, 
was  quarried  in  1889,  to  the  value  of  $11,758,081. 

One  of  the  greatest  attractions  of  the  mines  department  of  the 
Exposition  is  the  remarkable  collection  of  minerals  owned  by  Profes- 
sor A.  E.  Foote,  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  the  finest  private  collection 
in  the  world,  a  complete  history  of  mineralogy,  and  is  so  arranged 
that  the  mineralogy  of  the  States  is  shown.  This  collection  was 
shown  at  the  Centennial,  at  London,  and  at  Paris,  and  in  each  in- 
stance received  the  highest  award. 


THE  WORL&S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  229 


The  Canadian  Copper  Company,  of  Sudbury,  Canada,  makes  a 
mineral  exhibit  which  includes  the  Canadian  Company's  exhibit. 

In  its  exhibit  the  government  geological  survey  places  on  view  a 
sort  of  synoptic  picture  of  the  mineral  resources  of  this  country.  Big 
chunks  of  native  gold  and  silver  are  shown  just  as  they  were  dug  out 
of  the  earth,  together  with  remarkable  ores  of  all  sorts,  particularly 
those  of  what  are  called  "economic  minerals,"  such  as  iron,  copper 
and  tin.  Accompanying  these  are  maps  drawn  for  the  purpose  of 
assisting  the  illustration.  Professor  Clarke,  the  distinguished  chem- 
ist and  mineralogist,  was  given  charge  of  the  whole  matter,  and  lie 
collected  a  wonderfully  fine  assemblage  of  precious  and  semi-precious 
stones  also,  which  form  part  of  the  display.  This  collection,  although 
it  is  largely  composed  of  gems  found  in  the  United  States,  is  not  lim- 
ited to  those.  Dozens  of  big  boxes  and  trays  full  of  such  jewels  of  all 
sorts  were  sent  from  the  National  Museum. 

Henry  A.  Ward,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  whose  display  of  minerals 
was  one  of  the  features  of  the  Louisville  Exposition,  consumes  5,000 
square  feet  of  space  for  his  mineral  cases,  and  sends  enough  to  fill 
10,000  feet  in  a  geological  display.  The  exhibit  of  coal,  iron  ore, 
building  stone  and  clays  from  Indiana  is  very  extensive.  There  is 
also  a  special  cabinet  exhibit  of  what  may  be  called  commercial  min- 
erals. Gov.  J.  V.  Aycardi,  of  Panama,  tendered  for  exhibition  at  the 
World's  Fair  a  beautiful  piece  of  carved  marble,  a  bas  relief  repre- 
senting the  landing  of  Columbus,  which  was  presented  to  the  State 
of  Panama,  nearly  ninety  years  ago,  by  the  Empress  Josephine,  who, 
at  the  same  time,  gave  the  colossal  bronze  statue  of  Columbus  which 
now  stands  in  Aspinwall.  Pueblo,  Col.,  makes  a  special  exhibit. 
The  celebrated  Westerman  and  Briggle  collection  of  gold  specimens 
is  seen,  among  other  things. 

The  Columbian  Exposition  appropriately  and  properly  yields  a 
conspicuous  place  to  the  mining  display.  Interest  centers  in  the 
Mining  building  as  a  museum  of  those  metals  and  minerals  that  were 
such  an  incentive  to  the  enterprise  of  the  great  Spanish  voyager. 
More  especially  because  here  is  placed  an  historical  exhibit,  illustrat- 
ing by  means  of  models,  drawings,  or  original  tools  and  appliances 
themselves,  the  successive  advances  made  in  the  metallurgical  art 
from  the  primitive  methods  in  vogue  among  the  natives  of  the  new 
world  at  the  time  Columbus  landed. 

The  evolution   of  the    metallurgical   industry  is   illustrated   by 


THK    MASONIC    TEMPLE. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION". 


231 


relics  of  early  days.  Mexico  furnishes  some  of  the  old-fashioned 
Catalan  forces  for  ironmaking  with  their  crude  hammers  and  water 
blasts.  Catalonia  was  a  province  in  Spain  where  this  antique  imple- 
ment was  first  employed  and  from  which  skilled  ironmongers  were 
exported  to  the  new  world.  This  primitive  affair  will  make  a  strong 
contrast  with  the  modern  improved  forging  press  of  4,000  tons  worked 
by  2,000  horse-power  engines  and  commanded  by  traveling  cranes 
capable  of  lifting  150  tons. 

The  iron  industry  of  the  United  States  has  much  to  show  for  its 
development  since  the  days  of  Columbus.  It  was  as  early  as  1619 
that  a  London  Company  sent  over  to  Virginia  100  persons  skilled  in 
the  manufacture  of  iron.  On  the  banks  of  the  James  River  they 
established  the  first  works  for  the  smelting  of  ores  in  America,  and 
erected  one  of  the  Catalan  forges.  Unfortunately  the  colony  was, 
within  a  few  years,  annihilated  by  Indians  and  the  works  demolished. 
The  first  blast  furnace  in  Maryland  dates  back  to  1724,  and  was 
christened  the  "Principle."  Some  years  ago  two  pigs  of  iron 
bearing  the  lettering  "  Principio,  1751,"  were  raised  by  fishermen 
from  the  Patapsco  river.  One  of  the  pigs  is  exhibited  at  the  fair. 

The  growth  of  Bessemer  steel  operations  is  the  most  stupendous 
fact  in  the  development  of  the  metallurgical  industries.  In  1865  two 
Bessemer  converters  combined  gave  a  total  annual  product  of  500 
pounds.  In  1890  there  were  eighty-two  and  the  product  over 
4,000,000  tons.  This  great  expansion  is  to  be  accounted  for  largely 
through  the  perfection  of  the  machinery  used  in  these  processes. 
The  most  striking  illustration  of  this  is  seen  in  the  iron  and  steel 
section  of  the  Mining  building.  In  a  conspicuous  place  is  exhibited 
the  original  steel  converter,  upon  which,  in  1857,  Mr.  Kelly,  of  Ken- 
tucky, obtained  his  patent.  In  comparison  with  this  relic  is  placed 
the  ponderous  equipment  of  a  steel  plant,  presented  either  by  a  model 
or  by  a  working  apparatus.  There  are  blast  and  puddling  furnaces, 
open-hearth  furnaces,  rolls,  steel  trains,  and  every  conceivable  pro- 
cess of  manufacture  together,  flanked  by  artistically  arranged  stacks 
of  the  product  in  its  various  forms  of  bars,  rods,  sheets,  wire,  etc. 

The  mineral  exhibit  from  Michigan  is  sure  to  attract  much  at- 
tention. This  includes,  besides  extensive  collections  from  museums, 
etc.,  granites,  marble,  and  other  building  material  of  rare  and 
beautiful  qualities,  but  which  have  not  yet  been  marketed  to  any 
great  extent ;  raw  material  from  the  iron  mines,  in  plates  69  to  70 


23'2      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE   TO   THE    WORLD'S  J-.-l/A'. 


per  cent,  pure,  as  taken  from  the  mines ;  and  especially,  specimens  of 
copper,  which,  in  its  pure  state,  is  found  only  in  the  Michigan  mines 
A  copper  exhibit,  the  ''largest  and  most  extensive  ever  attempted," 
is  made  by  the  Calumet  and  Hecla  mines.  It  includes  "obelisks  of 
pure  copper  ranging  in  weight  from  fifty  to  five  hundred  pounds,  also 
quantities  of  wire  and  sheet  copper  that  has  been  drawn  and  rolled 
from  the  native  metal  just  as  it  was  taken  from  the  mines ;  rods  of 
copper  bent  into  different  shapes,  and  even  tied  into  knots,  as  one 
would  tie  a  cravat,  without  breaking  or  splintering,  as  would  be  the 
result  of  such  an  operation  on  the  copper  produced  by  other  mines 
and  containing  an  alloy  which  renders  it  less  ductile.  A  curious  fact 
concerning  the  silver  deposits  sometimes  found  in  the  copper,  is,  that 
nature  has  welded  the  silver  and  copper  together  without  mixing 
them,  whereas  no  process  has  ever  been  discovered  by  mineralogists 
by  which  the  same  thing  can  be  done  artificially.  Examples  of  this 
phenomena  are  included  in  the  exhibit." 

Nearly  all  the  mineral-producing  states  of  the  Union  make  large 
exhibits.  Geological  societies  at  home  and  abroad  are  well  repre- 
sented. 

THE  AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING. — Standing  very  near  the 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan  and  almost  surrounded  by  the  lagoons  that 
lead  from  the  lake  into  the  Park  is  the  magnificent  structure  known 
as  THE  AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING.  It  is  classic  renaissance  in  its 
style  of  architecture,  and  is  600  feet  wide,  and  800  feet  long,  its 
longest  dimensions  being  east  and  west.  The  north  side  of  the 
structure  is  almost  on  a  line  south  of  the  Pier  extending  into  the  lake, 
on  which  stand  the  heroic  columns  emblematic  of  the  Thirteen  Ori- 
ginal States.  The  front  of  the  building  runs  for  its  entire  length 
along  the  lagoon.  On  the  east  the  building  faces  a  harbor  for  plea- 
sure boats.  On  the  west  is  a  continuation  of  the  lagoons,  for  the 
whole  length  of  the  front.  For  a  single  story  building  the  design  is 
boM  and  heroic.  The  general  cornice  line  is  65  feet  above  grade, 
while  on  both  sides  of  the  main  entrance  are  mammoth  Corinthian 
pillars  50  feet  high  and  5  feet  in  diameter.  There  is  a  pavilion  on 
each  corner  and  in  the  center  of  the  building,  the  center  one  being 
144  feet  square.  The  corner  pavilions  are  connected  by  curtains, 
forming  a  continuous  arcade  around  the  top  of  the  building.  The 
main  entrance  is  64  feet  wide,  and  its  vestibule  leads  to  the  rotunda 
100  feet  in  diameter.  The  dome  is  mammoth  in  its  proportions, 


2:)4      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE   TO   THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


being  130  feet  high  and  100  feet  in  diameter,  and  made  of  glass.  In 
the  main  vestibule  statuary  is  placed,  having  for  design  the  illustra- 
tion of  the  Agricultural  industry.  And  about  all  the  entrances  similar 
designs  are  grouped  in  the  most  elaborate  manner.  The  corner 
pavilions  are  surmounted  by  domes  96  feet  high  and  above  these 
tower  groups  of  statuary.  The  design  for  these  domes  is  that  of  three 
women,  of  herculean  proportions,  supporting  a  mammoth  globe. 

This  immense  structure  covers  more  than  nine  acres  of  ground, 
and  together  with  the  DAIRY  and  FORESTRY  BUILDINGS,  which  cover 
7  and  4.5  acres  respectively,  costs  about  $1,000,000.  The  idea  is 
new  as  agricultural  interests  are  promoted  by  this  Exposition.  A 
large  building  stands  on  the  south  of  the  Agricultural  Building,  de- 
voted to  a  Live  Stock  and  Agricultural  Assembly  Hall.  It  is  near 
the  Elevated  Railroad.  Like  the  other  important  buildings  of  the 
great  Exposition  it  is  a  very  handsome  structure.  On  the  first  floor 
are  located — A  Bureau  of  Information  ;  suitable  Committee  and  other 
rooms  for  different  live  stock  associations  of  every  character ;  two 
large  and  handsomely  equipped  waiting-rooms  for  ladies,  lounging- 
rooms  for  gentlemen,  and  ample  toilet  facilities.  From  this  floor 
broad  stairways  lead  to  the  Assembly  room  in  the  second  story,  which 
has  a  seating  capacity  of  1,500.  Lectures  will  be  provided  by  quali- 
fied persons  upon  Agricultural  subjects.  Here  will  be  set  forth  the 
theories  to  be  illustrated  in  the  other  buildings. 

The  building  and  annexes  devoted  to  the  Agricultural  exhibit, 
which  include  the  products  of  the  soil,  agricultural  implements, 
machinery,  etc.,  will  attract  great  attention  from  those  visitors  who 
are  interested  in  this  branch  of  industry.  The  history  of  no  previous 
Exposition  attested  such  general  interest  among  all  classes  of  people 
as  to  the  general  character,  extent,  the  benefit  it  is  believed  will 
follow,  and  the  possibilities  for  good  awaiting  agriculturists  from  the 
exhibit  in  the  Agricultural  Department  of  the  Exposition.  A  great 
advancement  has  been  made  since  the  Philadelphia  Centennial  Expo- 
sition in  all  branches  of  farm  work.  Since  that  time  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  has  been  given  a  position  in  the  Cabinet ;  has 
attained  a  firm  foothold  in  the  estimation  of«the  people,  and  has  not 
only  become  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  government  depart- 
ments, but  has  been  productive  of  most  beneficial  results  to  the 
commerce  of  our  country,  and  every  one  engaged  in  farm  work. 
Another  advance  in  agricultural  work  is  the  Experiment  Stations 


THE   WORLDS  COLL'MHI.IX  EXPOSITION.  235 


that  are  now  connected  with  the  Agricultural  Colleges  of  the  country, 
supported  by  the  Government,  with  trained  scientists  and  educators 
at  their  head,  their  work  reaching  out  into  all  the  fields  of  scientific 
research,  seeking  to  assist  in  a  practical  way  those  engaged  in  farm- 
work  and  to  advance  the  standard  of  excellence  in  this  great  industry 
to  a  foremost  place  in  the  estimation  of  mankind.  The  subject  of 
irrigation  and  its  possibilities  has,  within  a  few  years,  become  one  of 
intense  interest,  and  this  Exposition  presents  the  subject  in  such  a 
way  that  it  will  attract  very  great  attention.  The  great  advance 
made  in  the  study  of  dairying  and  the  successful  breeding  of  live 
stock  has  been  one  of  the  marvels  of  the  past  decade,  and  with  the 
impetus  that  will  be  given  these  industries  by  the  Dairy  School  and 
the  immense  Live  Stock  exhibit  at  the  Exposition,  the  good  result 
likely  to  follow  cannot  be  estimated. 

The  interest  throughout  the  country  in  beautifying  road -ways  by 
tree  planting,  the  setting  aside  by  several  of  the  State  legislatures  of 
one  day  in  the  year  to  be  devoted  to  this  purpose,  known  as  Arbor 
Day,  and  the  encouragement  given  this  excellent  practice  in  the  com- 
mon schools  ;  the  popularity  of  and  interest  taken  in  Farmers'  Insti- 
tutes throughout  the  country  by  the  farming  community,  are  all 
indicative  of  the  rapid  advancement  that  has  been  made  in  agricul- 
tural pursuits  since  the  Philadelphia  Centennial  Exposition.  The 
present  Exposition  is  the  focusing  point  at  which  all  the  best  results, 
the  thought,  intelligence,  and  energy  of  those  interested  in  the  great 
problems  connected  with  the  agricultural  life  is  centered.  As  an 
instance  :  the  question  of  the  production  of  sugar  from  sorghum  and 
the  sugar  beet  is  one  that  is  attracting  great  interest  in  many  sections 
of  the  country,  notably  in  the  west.  The  Experiment  Stations  in 
connection  with  the  Agricultural  Department  at  Washington  are 
devoting  time  and  attention  to  this  work  and  the  results  that  are 

o 

shown  in  the  Exposition,  as  to  what  can  be  done  with  an  acre  of 
ground  devoted  to  producing  sugar  from  these  products  is  a  source  of 
wonder  and  amazement  to  the  visitor.  It  attracts  attention  to  the 
localities  adapted  to  this  industry,  and  is  the  means  of  building  fac- 
tories and  their  industries  connected  with  the  production  of  sugar  in  ' 
this  manner. 

The  South  is  represented  at  the  Exposition  by  so  great  a  variety 
of  products  that  one  ceases  to  wonder  at  the  great  material  advance- 
ment made  by  that  part  of  the  agricultural  area  of  the  country.  One 


THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  237 


purpose  of  the  Exposition  of  1893  was  to  show  to  the  assembled 
world  such  a  magnificent  result  of  the  energy,  advancement  and  cul- 
ture of  our  agricultural  population. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  Expositions,  a  magnificent 
building  is  devoted  entirely  to  the  use  of  agricultural  organizations, 
with  a  splendid  auditorium  or  lecture-room  in  which  to  meet  and 
deliberate. 

The  products  of  every  State  in  the  American  Union  and  of 
nearly  every  colony  and  country  on  earth  are  collected  here.  The 
arrangement  of  the  exhibits  will  excite  the  wonder  and  compel  the 
admiration  of  the  visitor.  Taste  of  the  highest  order  has  been  dis- 
played in  every  section,  and  the  interior  of  the  great  agricultural 
building  is  a  scene  of  enchanting  beauty.  Illinois  makes  a  magnifi- 
cent display  in  this  department.  In  the  Agricultural  implement  and 
machinery  section  Chicago  takes  first  place.  Here  are  produced  the 
greatest  harvesters  known.  The  McCormick  Harvester  Company  has 
made  the  leading  exhibit  at  many  international  expositions,  and  has 
eclipsed  itself  at  this  one.  The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  of  Illinois 
has  offered  the  prizes  to  exhibitors  in  this  form  : 

All  samples  shown  in  this  class  are  to  become  the  property  of  the  Board  of 
Agriculture,  from  which  selections  will  be  made  for  the  purpose  of  exhibition 
at  the  World's  Fair. 

For  the  best  and  largest  display  from  any  county  in  each  of  the  grand 
divisions  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  $200  ;  second  prize,  $150  ;  third  prize,  $100. 

All  counties  competing,  but  failing  to  receive  one  of  the  foregoing  prizes, 
will  each  be  paid  £50  by  an  award  of  that  amount  to  the  best  and  largest  display 
sent  from  them  respectively. 

There  were  expended  on  the  display  of  farm  products  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  the  sum  of  $20,000. 

The  exhibit  of  the  agricultural  experiment  stations  of  the  United 
States  is  not  one  of  the  least  interesting  features  of  the  Chicago  Ex- 
position. One  portion  of  the  proposed  exhibit,  which  is  to  attract 
general  attention,  is  an  experiment  station  in  operation,  with  its 
office,  laboratories,  etc. ,  illustrating  how  the  indoor  work  of  a  station 
is  actually  carried  on.  In  another  portion  of  the  exhibit  each  station 
presents,  by  means  of  maps,  diagrams,  pictures,  sets  of  publications, 
etc.,  a  full  statement  of  its  location,  equipment,  lines  of  work,  etc., 
so  that  the  visitor  can,  if  he  desires,  follow  out  in  detail  the  history 
and  the  work  of  any  particular  station.  The  main  feature,  however, 
is  a  topical  exhibit  of  the  work  of  the  stations  as  a  whole.  In  this  is 


238      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO   THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


made  not  the  full  showing  of  the  work  of  any  single  station,  but  a 
unified  exhibit  showing  the  kind  of  work  done  by  the  stations,  the 
way  in  which  they  do  it,  arid  some  of  the  more  important  results 
which  they  have  reached.  The  preparation  of  the  exhibit  was  in  the 
hands  of  the  Committee  of  the  Association  of  American  Agricultural 
Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations  co-operating  with  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture. 

LIVE  STOCK. — The  Live  Stock  Exhibit  will  open  upon  June  2, 
1893,  with  the  kennel  show,  which  will  undoubtedly  comprise  the 
largest  and  finest  collections  of  dogs  ever  seen.  The  rules  adopted 
by  the  Live  Stock  Department  provide  only  for  dogs  of  unquestioned 
pedigree,  and  even  in  such  cases  applications  will  be  considered 
strictly  upon  their  own  merits,  by  a  committee  of  three  experts.  The 
kennel  clubs  and  dog  fanciers  of  both  Europe  and  America  are  deeply 
interested  in  the  exhibition,  and  those  best  informed  say  not  less  than 
3,000  dogs  will  be  exhibited.  The  various  kennel  clubs  propose  to  sup- 
plement the  already  handsome  premium  list  by  a  number  of  very  hand- 
some medals.  Lord  Bute,  reputed  to  be  the  biggest  dog  in  the  world, 
and  the  winner  of  twenty-six  first  prizes  in  cups  at  various  bench 
shows,  will  be  placed  on  exhibition.  Lord  Bute  is  a  pure-blooded  St. 
Bernard  and  is  owned  by  Knowles  Croskey,  proprietor  of  the  Menthon 
Kennels,  Phoenixville,  Pa.  He  is  a  noble  dog,  bred  in  England,  and 
cost  the  present  owner  $3,750.  He  is  thirty-six  inches  high  and 
weighs  247  pounds. 

Members  of  the  Mascoutah  Kennel  Club,  of  Chicago,  expect  to 
play  the  part  of  host  to  the  various  kennel  clubs  of  the  country  which 
may  visit  the  Exposition.  The  club  passed  resolutions  calling  upon 
similar  clubs  in  all  parts  of  the  world  to  make  a  special  effort  to 
create  an  interest  in  the  World's  Fair. 

The  period  devoted  to  the  exhibition  of  animals  for  awards  is  as 
follows:  Cattle,  Sept.  n  to  27  ;  horses,  jacks  and  jennets,  Aug.  24  to 
Sept.  27  ;  sheep  and  swine,  Oct.  2  to  Oct.  14 ;  kennel  show  of  dogs, 
June  12  to  17;  poultry,  pigeons,  pet  stock,  etc.,  Oct.  18  to  30.  Ex- 
hibitors of  horses  and  cattle  must  accompany  their  application  with 
pedigree  of  animals  offered  for  entry.  This  written  evidence  implies 
a  description  or  pedigree  in  the  standard  live  stock  records.  Animals 
unregistered,  but  which  have  some  peculiar  value,  historical  or  other- 
wise, may  be  exhibited,  but  may  not  compete  for  prizes. 

The  exhibit  of  blooded  and  fat  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  horses,  etc., 


L  A    SALUC     STREET. 


239 


240      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO   THE   WORLD'S  F.liK. 


it  is  expected,  will  be  the  greatest  ever  held  in  this  country.  Cattle 
and  horses  will  be  here  from  England,  France  and  Germany,  at  least. 
Some  magnificent  Normans  are  expected.  Every  State  in  the  Union 
will  send  contributions.  Prizes  will  be  given,  sometimes  by  the  State 
boards  and  sometimes  by  private  people  for  the  best  exhibits.  The 
great  stables  of  trotting  hoises  in  France  and  many  famous  English 
racers  will  be  here.  England,  Ireland  and  Scotland  will  send  over 
larger  exhibits  than  they  have  ever  made  at  a  foreign  exposition 
before. 

FORESTRY. — The  Forestry  Building  is  in  appearance  the  most 
unique  of  all  the  Exposition  structures.  Its  dimensions  are  200  by 
500  feet.  To  a  remarkable  degree  its  architecture  is  of  the  rustic 
order.  On  all  four  sides  of  the  building  is  a  veranda,  supporting  the 
roof  of  which  is  a  colonnade  consisting  of  a  series  of  columns  com- 
posed of  three  tree-trunks  each  25  feet  in  length,  one  of  them  from  16 
to  20  inches  in  diameter  and  others  smaller.  All  of  these  trunks  are 
left  in  their  natural  state,  with  bark  undisturbed.  They  are  contri- 
buted by  the  different  States  and  by  foreign  countries,  each  furnish- 
ing specimens  of  its  most  characteristic  trees.  The  sides  of  the 
building  are  constructed  of  slabs  with  the  bark  removed.  The  win- 
dow frames  are  treated  in  the  same  rustic  manner  as  is  the  rest  of  the 
building.  The  main  entrances  are  elaborately  finished  in  different 
kinds  of  wood,  the  material  and  workmanship  being  contributed  by 
several  prominent  lumber  associations.  The  roof  is  thatched  with 
tan  and  other  barks.  The  visitor  can  make  no  mistake  as  to  the 
kind  of  tree-tnmks  which  form  the  colonnade,  for  he  will  see  upon 
each  a  tablet  upon  which  is  inscribed  the  common  and  scientific 
name,  the  State  or  country  from  which  the  trunk  was  contributed, 
and  other  pertinent  information,  such  as  the  approximate  quantity  of 
such  timber  in  the  region  whence  it  came.  Surmounting  the  cornice 
of  the  veranda  and  extending  all  around  the  building  are  numerous 
flagstaff's  bearing  the  colors,  coat  of  arms,  etc.,  of  the  nations  and 
States  represented  in  the  exhibits  inside. 

The  forestry  display,  like  the  Forestry  Building,  is  one  of  the 
most  unique  of  the  Exposition.  It  is  likewise  comprehensive  and 
instructive.  Forestry  is  rapidly  becoming  a  vital  subject  of  study, 
both  for  the  States  of  the  Union  and  the  nation  at  large.  As  a 
/  science  it  is  perhaps  more  feebly  developed  in  the  United  States  than 
in  any  other  civilized  nation.  The  depletion  of  our  natural  forests  is 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  241 


alarming  to  those  who  have  made  this  subject  a  study,  and  a  rational 
forest  management  is  becoming  a  necessity  in  our  civil  governments. 
The  forestry  exhibit  at  the  Fair  will  probably  give  more  instruction 
and  arouse  more  interest  in  this  vital  question  than  anything  else 
possibly  could.  The  plan  followed  out  in  this  department  is  simple. 
The  government  makes  the  exhibit  which  treats  of  forestry  as  a 
science,  while  the  States  make  exhibits  which  have  for  their  object 
the  illustration  of  existing  forestry  conditions.  The  plan  of  the  ex- 
hibit is  the  work  of  Dr.  B.  E.  Fernon,  Chief  of  the  Forestry  Division 
of  the  Government  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  one  of  the 
highest  authorities  on  the  question.  By  his  plan  the  States  make  an 
exhibit  showing  the  forestry  resources  of  the  country,  and  methods 
of  forestry  development,  wood-working  and  all  industries  relying  on 
forest  products  and  the  work  necessary  to  forest  management.  The 
government  exhibit  is  calculated  to  give  the  student  of  forestry  a 
comprehensive  view  of  the  subject.  The  government  shows  all  the 
trees  native  to  the  United  States — about  four  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  species — and  the  most  important  of  these  trees — about  one  hun- 
dred species — are  elaborately  exhibited.  This  exhibit  also  shows  the 
nature  of  raw  wood  materials,  the  difference  of  structure  and  quality 
of  woods  grown  in  different  sections.  There  is  shown  a  collection  of 
fruits  and  seeds,  planting  tools,  illustrations  of  planting  methods  and 
statistics  of  forest  management. 

In  the  construction  of  the  Forestry  Building,  the  idea  of  exhibit- 
ing the  woods  of  the  different  States  was  beautifully  carried  out. 

Many  foreign  nations  have  contributed  to  this  picturesque  ex- 
hibit. There  are  trees  from  Asia,  Australia  and  all  parts  of  South 
America  among  these  specimens  of  growth  of  which  people  read  but 
never  see.  The  orange,  lemon,  banana,  fig,  rubber,  palm,  cork,  date, 
calisaya,  tar,  and  every  species  known  is  represented  here.  As  in 
the  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  departments,  the  exhibits  of  the 
different  States  and  countries  are  grouped. 

THE  DAIRY. — The  Dairy  Building,  by  reason  of  the  exception- 
ally novel  and  interesting  exhibits  it  will  contain,  is  quite  sure  to  be 
regarded  with  great  favor  by  World's  Fair  visitors  in  general,  while 
by  agriculturists  it  will  be  considered  one  of  the  most  useful  and  at- 
tractive features  of  the  whole  Exposition.  It  was  designed  to  contain 
not  only  a  complete  exhibit  of  dairy  products  but  also  a  Dairy  School, 
in  connection  with  which  will  be  conducted  a  series  of  tests  for 
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THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION  243 


determining  the  relative  merits  of  different  breeds  of  dairy  cattle  as 
milk  and  butter  producers. 

The  building  stands  near  the  lake  shore  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  park,  and  close  by  the  general  live  stock  exhibit.  It  covers 
approximately  half  an  acre,  measuring  95x200  feet,  is  two  stories 
high  arid  cost  $30,000.  In  design  it  is  of  quiet  exterior.  On  the 
first  floor,  beside  office  headquarters,  there  is  in  front  a  large  open 
space  devoted  to  exhibits  of  butter,  and  farther  back  an  operating 
room  25x100  feet,  in  which  the  Model  Dairy  will  be  conducted.  On 
two  sides  of  this  room  are  amphitheatre  seats  capable  of  accommodat- 
ing 400  spectators.  Under  these  seats  are  refrigerators  and  cold 
storage  rooms  for  the  care  of  the  dairy  products.  The  operating- 
room,  which  extends  to  the  roof,  has  on  three  sides  a  gallery  where 
the  cheese  exhibits  will  be  placed.  The  rest  of  the  second  story  is 
devoted  to  a  cafe,  which  opens  on  a  balcony  overlooking  the  lake. 

The  Dairy  School,  it  is  believed,  wrill  be  most  instructive  and 
valuable  to  agriculturists. 

This  department  belongs  properly  to  the  agricultural  exhibit, 
but  it  has  been  deemed  advisable  to  separate  them.  No  feature  of 
the  Exposition,  probably,  possesses  greater  interest  or  value  to  the 
agriculturist  than  the  Dairy  School.  The  school  includes  a  contest 
between  both  herds  and  individuals  of  the  chief  breeds  of  dairy  cattle 
with  a  view  of  ascertaining  the  respective  merits  of  each  in  milk 
giving  and  butter  and  cheese  producing.  Each  herd  is  charged  each 
day  with  food  consumed  accurately  weighed,  and  is  credited  with  the 
milk,  butter  and  cheese  produced.  Manufacturers  of  dairy  utensils 
and  appliances  gladly  furnish  all  that  is  required  in  their  line.  Ac- 
commodations are  provided  so  that  spectators  may  view  the  processes 
of  butter  and  cheese-making. 

The  tests  and  all  details  of  management  are  under  rules  prepared 
by  a  committee  composed  of  one  member  from  each  of  the  dairy  cattle 
associations  in  the  United  States,  three  from  the  Columbian  Dairy 
Association,  three  from  the  Agricultural  Colleges  and  U.  S.  Experi- 
mental Stations,  and  one  from  the  manufacturers  of  dairy  utensils. 

The  manufacture  of  the  product  takes  place  in  the  Dairy  build- 
ing, in  an  operating  space  25x100  feet,  above  which  on  either  side  is 
a  gallery  which  accommodates  fully  500  spectators.  The  school  in 
all  probability  will  continue  through  four  months,  and  each  partici- 
pating herd  is  represented  by  a  given  number  of  cows.  The  results  of 


244      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


this  test  and  of  the  exhibition  which  will  be  made  of  the  latest  and  most 
advanced  scientific  methods  known  in  connection  with  the  feeding 
and  care  of  cattle,  the  treatment  of  milk  and  the  production  of  butter 
and  cheese,  cannot  fail  to  be  of  very  great  value  to  the  dairy  interests 
of  this  country.  These  interests,  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  state,  are 
of  enormous  importance  and  extent  and,  indeed  are  scarcely  surpassed 
by  any  other  branch  of  industry  in  respect  of  the  amount  of  money 
invested.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  the  Exposition  Dairy  School 
will  cause  a  more  economic  and  scientific  management  of  the  dairy 
interests  of  the  entire  country  and  consequently  a  greater  return  from 
the  capital  and  labor  invested. 

Representatives  of  seven  breeds  of  dairy  cattle  have  furnished 
herds  for  the  test  which  will  be  the  longest  in  duration,  and  the  most 
thorough  and  exhaustive  so  far  as  cows  are  concerned  that  has  ever 
been  held.  From  twenty-five  to  fifty  gilt-edge  cows  of  each  of  the 
dairy  breeds  of  Devons,  Brown-swiss,  Short-horn,  Guernseys,  Red- 
polled  and  Jerseys  will  contest  with  each  other  for  the  prizes  which 
will  be  awarded  both  to  herds  and  individual  cows. 

THE  HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING.— The  HORTICULTURAL 
HALL  faces  east  upon  the  largest  lagoon,  immediately  south  of  the 
entrance  to  Jackson  Park  from  the  Midway  Plaisance,  and  has  in 
front  a  flower  terrace  for  an  outside  display,  including  tanks  for  nym- 
pheas  and  the  Victoria  Regia.  The  structure  is  1,000  feet  long  with 
a  width  of  286  feet,  and  cost  $400,000.  The  front  of  this  terrace, 
having  a  low  parapet  between  large  vases,  borders  the  water,  and  has 
a  boat  landing  at  the  center.  The  plan  of  this  fine  hall  included  a 
central  pavilion,  with  two  end  pavilions,  each  connected  to  the  cen- 
ter by  front  and  rear  curtains,  thus  forming  two  interior  courts. 
These  courts,  each  a  parallelogram  of  a  half-acre,  will  be  decorated 
in  colors  and  planted  with  ornamental  shrubs  and  flowers.  A  crystal 
dome  surmounts  the  central  pavilion  187  feet  in  diameter  and  113 
feet  high,  and  under  this  will  be  the  palm  house.  The  curtains  will 
contain  the  hot-houses  and  the  plants  under  glass.  There  are  gal- 
leries in  the  end  pavilions,  designed  for  cafes,  being  surrounded  by 
arcades  giving  charming  views  over  the  grounds  and  the  interior, 
which  will  present  an  attractive  floral  and  horticultural  display. 

The  exhibits  in  this  building  consist  of  all  the  varieties  of  plants, 
vines,  seeds,  horticultural  implements,  etc.  The  roof  will  be  of  glass 
not  far  removed  from  the  plants,  so  that  those  plants  requiring  sun- 


246      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


shine  light  will  be  provided  for,  while  provision  is  made  to  heat  such 
parts  as  need  it.     The  front  curtains  and  space   under  the  galleries 
are  designed  for -exhibits  that  require  only  the  ordinary  amount  of 
light.     The  exterior  of  the  building  is  in  "staff,"  tinted   in  a  soft , 
warm  buff,  color  being  reserved  for  the  interior  of  the  courts. 

The  cost  of  this  building  was  about  $300,000,  and  W.  L.  B. 
Jenny,  of  Chicago,  is  the  architect. 

The  horticultural  display  is  greater  and  grander  than  anything 
ever  attempted  before.  The  description  already  given  of  the  magni- 
ficent HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING  indicates  in  itself  the  great  atten- 
tion which  the  management  has  given  to  this  branch  of  the  Fair. 
While  only  portions  of  buildings  or  small  structures  have  been  devo- 
ted to  horticultural  displays  heretofore,  the  World's  Columbian  Ex- 
position has  created  an  immense,  beautiful  and  cosy  structure,  and 
dedicated  it  to  this  purpose. 

To  the  Horticultural  Department  belongs  the  distinction  of 
the  first  installed  exhibit  of  the  Exposition.  This  consists  of  three 
great  trees,  an  elm,  an  ash,  and  a  sugar  maple,  which  were  planted 
near  the  HORTICULTURAL  HALL.  The  elm  is  seventy-five  feet 
high,  two  feet  in  diameter  and  weighs  ten  tons.  Mr.  Peterson,  the 
Rose  Hill  nurseryman,  planted  these  trees  as  a  permanent  exhibit, 
the  planting  and  transferring  requiring  22  men,  12  horses  and  the 
expenditure  of  $600,  all  of  which  was  at  Mr.  Peterson's  individual 
expense. 

The  States  of  the  Union  have  contributed  some  wondrous  ex- 
hibits to  the  Horticultural  display,  such  a  collection  of  fruit  as  perhaps 
has  never  been  seen  before.  The  great  fruit-bearing  states  from  New 
York  to  California  and  from  Michigan  to  Louisiana  have  rivaled  each 
other  in  the  extent  and  costliness  of  their  exhibits.  California  as 
was  to  be  expected  takes  the  lead.  Missouri,  New  York,  Delaware, 
Indiana,  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Virginia,  Florida,  in  fact,  every  state  in  the 
Union,  has  exhibited  its  specialties  in  fruit  growing  magnificently. 
The  immense  oranges  of  Louisiana,  Florida  and  southern  California 
are  brought  into  contrast  with  the  beautiful  grapes  of  Missouri,  the 
big  red  apples  of  Michigan,  the  mammoth  watermelons  of  Mississippi 
and  Georgia,  and  the  luscious  strawberries  of  southern  Illinois.  The 
Citizens'  Association  of  California  alone  occupies  two  and  a  half 
acres  and  makes  a  wonderful  exhibit.  The  Southern  California 
World's  Fair  Association  has  a  space  88  by  270  feet  in  which  an  ex- 


THE    WORLD'S  COLUMBIAX  EXPUSITIOX.  247 


hibition  of  oranges  trees  in  full  bloom  is  to  be  seen.  Five  acres  out 
doors  for  oranges,  lemons,  limes,  etc.,  and  3,000  square  feet  of  table 
space  for  an  exhibition  of  fruits  were  also  granted  this  association. 
England,  France,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Austra,  Russia,  Turkey, 
Italy,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  in  fact  every  country  in  Europe,  as  well 
as  portions  of  Asia,  Africa,  Australia  and  all  the  Latin- American 
Republics  and  the  numerous  colonies  are  represented  here.  The 
[Michigan  peach  orchard  in  full  bearing  is  not  the  least  attractive  fea- 
ture. The  exhibits  are  changed  frequently,  and  the  odor  of  the 
tropics  mingles  with  that  of  the  temperate  zones. 

FLORICULTURE. — The  floral  exhibit  is  to  be  found  in  the  HORTI- 
CULTURAL BUILDING  also  and  it  passes  description.  Not  only  the 
republics  and  colonies  of  the  American  continents,  but  the  nations 
and  colonies  of  the  earth,  have  contributed  toward  making  this  the 
most  gorgeous  display  ever  beheld  by  man.  All  of  the  State  horti- 
cultural societies,  the  royal  and  imperial  horticultural  societies  of 
European  nations,  the  associations  of  nurserymen  everywhere,  and  the 
owners  of  private  conservatories  and  hot-houses  in  every  part  of  the 
world,  have  taken  an  active  interest  in  this  beautiful  display.  It  re- 
quired five  acres  in  addition  to  the  original  allotment  of  space  to 
accommodate  the  floral  exhibits.  The  space  at  first  intended  for  the 
Indian  exhibit  on  the  Wooded  Island  was  given  over  to  a  rose  garden  ; 
20,000  feet  of  space  are  given  to  an  exhibit  of  flower  seeds  alone  ;  five 
acres  are  given  over  to  a  nursery  exhibit ;  two  beautiful  greenhouses, 
one  of  them  1,000  feet  long  and  24  wide  and  the  other  500  by  600 
were  added  to  the  space  in  the  summer  of  1892.  Haifa  million  pan- 
sies,  one  hundred  thousand  roses,  and  millions  of  other  flowers, 
including  every  known  variety  and  species,  are  seen  at  the  Exposi- 
tion. The  horticultural  exhibit  is  on  a  scale  never  before  attempted 
in  the  history  of  the  world.  Mr.  Thorp,  of  the  floricultural  division, 
estimated  that  the  equipment  of  the  Horticultural  Building,  including 
the  purchase  price  of  plants,  would  be  $350,000,  and  the  total  ex- 
pense of  the  display  $750,000.  The  floriculturists  of  the  country 
donated  a  large  share  of  the  plants.  Ten  of  the  sixteen  acres  of 
ground  on  the  wooded  island  are  planted  in  flowers.  The  shores  are 
left  wild  for  scenic  effect,  and  the  waters  around  the  margin  are 
bright  with  water  lilies  and  other  aquatic  vegetation,  while  the  in- 
terior is  planted  with  roses,  rhododendrons,  and  lilies,  besides  a  variety 
of  wild  flowers,  preserved  in  a  nur.-ery. 


24,8 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  249 


In  addition  to  all  this  the  roof  of  the  WOMAN'S  BUILDING,  the 
interior  of  nearly  all  the  department,  State  and  foreign  buildings,  the 
grounds  surrounding  them,  the  beautiful  terraces  along  the  lagoon, 
etc. ,  are  all  decorated  with  flowers. 

THE  FISHERIES  BUILDING.— The  Fisheries  Building  is,  as 
far  as  the  exterior  of  the  structure  is  concerned,  in  the  Spanish 
Romanesque  style  of  architecture  contrasting  agreeably  with  the 
classic  architecture  of  the  neighboring  buildings.  The  length  of  the 
building  is  1,100  feet  and  the  width  200  and  cost  about  $200,000. 
There  are  two  smaller  polygonal  buildings  or  wings  connected  with 
the  main  or  middle  structure  and  curving  outward  at  either  end. 
This  gives  a  concave  curve  to  the  group  which  has  a  most  pleasing 
effect.  It  is  built  on  a  banana-shaped  island,  and  subdivided  into 
three  parts  to  conform  to  the  curved  shape  of  the  island  on  which  it 
stands.  The  general  Fisheries  Exhibit  is  in  the  central  part  of  the 
building.  In  one  of  the  polygonal  buildings  is  the  exhibit  of  the 
angling  paraphernalia,  and  in  the  other  is  the  water  pool  and  aquaria, 
in  which  live  fish  are  displayed  and  which  constitute  a  wonderful  ex- 
hibit. Marine  fishes  are  transported  to  Chicago  from  the  coast  in  sea 
water.  An  addition  of  3,000  gallons  of  pure  sea  water  was  required 
for  the  supply  on  each  trip. 

The  building  for  the  display  of  live  fish  is  circular,  134  feet  in 
diameter,  standing  near  one  extremity  of  the  Marine  Fisheries  Build- 
ing and  in  a  great  curved  corridor  connecting  the  two.  A  rotunda  60 
feet  in  diameter  is  in  the  center  of  this  building,  and  under  this 
rotunda,  and  in  the  middle  of  it,  is  a  basin  or  pool  20  feet  wide,  from 
which  rises  a  towering  mass  of  rocks  covered  with  moss,  lichens  and 
other  aquatic  plants.  Crystal  streams  of  water  gush  from  the  clefts 
and  crevices  in  the  rocks  and  fall  upon  the  reeds,  rushes,  and  orna- 
mental semi-aquatic  plants  in  the  basin  below. 

Gorgeous  gold  fishes,  golden  ides,  golden  tench  and  others  swim 
in  this  pool.  Here  also  are  ten  large  aquaria  and  a  number  of  smaller 
ones.  From  the  rotunda  one  side  of  the  large  series  of  aquaria  may 
be  viewed,  which  are  ten  in  number  and  have  a  capacity  of  7,000  to 
27,000  gallons  of  water  each. 

Passing  out  of  the  rotunda  and  into  a  great  corridor  or  arcade, 
the  opposite  sides  of  this  series  of  great  tanks,  another  line  of  tanks 
somewhat  smaller,  ranging  from  700  to  1,000  gallons  each  in  capacity, 
can  be  viewed  by  passing  through  a  great  corridor  about  15  feet  in 


250      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GL'IDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 

* 

width  and  reached  from  the  rotunda  through  the  entrance.  The 
glass  fronts  of  the  aquaria  are  in  length  about  575  feet,  through  which 
the  fish  may  be  seen  swimming  in  their  native  element,  and  have  3,000 
square  feet  of  surface.  .  They  make  a  panorama  never  before  seen  in 
any  exhibition,  being  the  finest  exhibition  of  the  kind  ever  seen  in  the 
L'nited  States,  and  rival  the  great  permanent  aquariums  of  the  world, 
not  only  in  size  but  in  all  other  respects.  The  United  States  Govern- 
ment Fish  Commission  will  provide  much  of  this  display.  These 
aquaria  have  a  capacity  of  18,725  cubic  feet  of  water,  or  140,000 
gallons,  which  weighs  1,192,425  pounds  or  about  600  tons.  Of  this 
large  quantity  40,000  gallons  is,  including  reservoirs,  used  for  the 
Marine  Exhibit.  In  the  entire  salt  water  circulation,  including  reser- 
voirs, there  are  80,000  gallons.  The  pumping  and  distributing  plant 
for  the  marine  aquaria  is  constructed  of  vulcanite.  The  pumps  are  in 
duplicate  and  each  has  a  capacity  of  3,000  gallons  per  hour.  The  sea 
water  is  supplied  by  the  United  States  Fish  Commission  from  Wood's 
Hall  Station,  and  the  fresh  water  supply  is  secured  from  Lake  Michi- 
gan. The  sea-water  supply  is  obtained  by  evaporating  the  necessary 
quantity  to  about  one-fifth  its  bulk,  thus  reducing  both  quantity  and 
weight  for  transportation  about  80  per  cent.  The  fresh  water  to 
restore  it  to  its  proper  density  is  supplied  from  Lake  Michigan. 

To  the  close  observer  the  exterior  of  the  building  cannot  fail  to  be 
exceedingly  interesting,  for  the  architect,  Henry  Ives  Cobb,  exerted 
all  his  ingenuity  in  arranging  innumerable  forms  of  capitals,  modil- 
lions,  brackets,  cornices  and  other  ornamental  details,  using  only  fish 
and  other  sea  forms  for  his  motif  of  design.  The  roof  of  the  build- 
ing is  of  old  Spanish  tile,  and  the  side  walls  of  pleasing  color. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  exhibits  at  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  is  that  of  FISH  and  FISHERIES.  Therein  not  only  will 
visitors  of  piscatorial  inclinations  find  much  to  engage  their  atten- 
tion, but  others  who  have  been  wont  to  regard  "fishy"  and  "incred- 
ible" as  synonymous  and  equally  inconsequential  terms  will  un- 
doubtedly have  reason  to  change  their  minds  as  to  the  interesting 
features  of  a  fish  display  after  visiting  this  department  of  the  Expo- 
sition. The  Fisheries  Building  is  a  corner  where  the  public  will 
wish  to  linger,  a  spot  where  it  will  be  possible  to  realize  the  words 
of  John  Bunyan  when  he  wrote  : 

You  see  the  way  the  fisherman  doth  take 

To  catch  the  fish,  what  engines  doth  he  make  ! 


252      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


Behold  how  he  engageth  all  his  wits, 

Also  his  snares,  lines,  angles,  hooks  and  nets. 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  of  the  magnificence  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  by  way  of  comparison  with  previous 
expositions,  which  it  is  proposed  to  eclipse. \  The  immense  strides 
made  in  every  department  of  art,  science  and  industry  during  the 
second  half  of  the  present  century  have  been  fittingly  illustrated  at 
the  various  international  expositions  held  since  the  late  Prince  Con- 
sort of  England  inaugurated  the  great  London  Exposition  of  1851. 

Everything  that  science  has  rescued  from  the  depths  of  ocean, 
sea,  lake  or  river,  is  displayed  at  the  fisheries  exhibit.  Inhabitants 
of  deep-sea  grottoes ;  the  coral  animal — builder  of  islands  and  conti- 
tinents ;  sea  anemones,  that  blossom  miles  below  the  surface  of  the 
ocean  ;  monstrous  devil-fish,  sharks  and  other  terrors  of  the  deep  are 
seen,  beside  the  speckled  beauties  of  stream  or  lake,  the  plebeian 
catfish,  perch  and  sucker,  suggestive  of  the  boyish  angler  and  the 
shallow  stream.  From  ocean  depths  are  brought  specimens  of  sub- 
aqueous life  so  marvellously  delicate  and  so  richly  beautiful  that  the 
microscope  will  only  reveal  in  part  their  wondrous  beauty  and  film- 
like  tracery.  The  methods,  too,  by  which  the  mysteries  of  the  deep 
are  penetrated,  the  paraphernalia  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commis- 
sion, the  inventions  by  which  the  finny  tribe  is  cultured,  the  won- 
derful progress  made  in  the  art  of  fish  farming,  in  addition  to  the 
implements  of  commercial  fishing  and  the  latest  tackle  for  angling- 
all  these  are  displayed  to  their  fullest  extent. 

Not  the  least  interesting  portion  of  the  exhibit  is  the  Aquarial 
or  Live  Fish  Display.  This  is  contained  in  a  circular  building,  135 
feet  in  diameter,  standing  near  one  extremity  of  the  main  Fisheries 
building,  and  in  a  great  curved  corridor  connecting  the  two  in  the 
center  of  the  circular  building  is  a  rotunda  sixty  feet  in  diameter,  in 
the  middle  of  which  is  a  basin  or  pool  about  twenty-six  feet  wide, 
from  which  arises  a  towering  mass  of  rocks  covered  with  moss  and 
lichens.  From  clefts  and  crevices  in  the  rocks  crystal  streams  of 
water  gush  and  drop  to  the  masses  of  reeds,  rushes  and  ornamental 
semi-aquatic  plants  in  the  basin  below.  In  this  pool  gorgeous  gold 
fishes,  golden  ides,  golden  tench  and  other  fishes  disport.  From 
the  rotitnda  one  side  of  the  larger  series  of  aquaria  may  be  viewed. 
These  are  ten  in  number,  an^  have  a  capacity  of  seven  thousand  to 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


twenty-seven  thousand  gallons  of  water.  Passing  out  of  the  rotunda 
by  the  entrances,  a  great  corridor  or  gallery  is  reached,  where  on  one 
hand  may  be  viewed  the  opposite  side  of  the  series  of  great  tanks 
and  on  the  other  a  line  of  tanks  somewhat  smaller,  ranging  from  750 
to  1500  gallons  each  in  capacity.  The  corridor  or  gallery  is  about 
fifteen  feet  wide.  The  entire  length  of  the  glass  fronts  of  the  aqua- 
ria is  about  575  feet  or  over  3,000  square  feet  of  surface.  They  make 
a  panorama  never  before  seen  in  any  exhibition,  and  rival  the  great 
permanent  aquariums  of  the  world  not  only  in  size,  but  in  all  other 
respects. 

The  total  water  capacity  of  the  aquaria,  exclusive  of  reservoirs, 
is  18,725  cubic  feet,  or  140,000  gallons.  This  weighs  1,192,425 
pounds,  or  almost  600  tons.  Of  this  amount  about  40,000  gallons 
are  devoted  to  the  marine  exhibit.  In  the  entire  salt  water  circula- 
tion, including  reservoirs,  there  are  about  80,000  gallons.  The 
pumping  and  distributing  plant  for  the  marine  aquaria  is  constructed 
of  vulcanite.  The  pumps  are  in  duplicate,  and  each  have  a  capacity 
of  3,000  gallons  per  hour.  The  supply  of  sea  water  is  secured  by 
evaporating  the  necessary  quantity  at  the  Woods  Hall  station  of  the 
United  States  Fish  Commission  to  about  one-fifth  its  bulk,  thus  re- 
ducing both  quantity  and  weight  for  transportation  about  80  per 
cent.  The  fresh  water  required  to  restore  it  to  its  proper  density  is 
supplied  from  Lake  Michigan.  In  transporting  the  marine  fishes  to 
Chicago  from  the  coast  there  was  an  addition  of  probably  3,000  gal- 
lons of  pure  sea  water  to  the  supply  on  each  trip. 

It  is  a  matter  of  importance  that  provision  was  made  in  the 
tipper  part  of  the  building  for  an  eating  saloon  in  which  a  specialty 
is  made  of  supplying  food  composed  of  fish  and  other  animals  taken 
from  the  water.  This  is  a  practicable  and  most  excellent  illustration 
of  our  fisheries,  and  this  special  work  is  so  conducted  as  to  give  those 
who  patronize  fish  dinners  at  the  Exposition  a  better  conception  than 
the  majority  of  them  now  have  of  the  value  of  fish  as  food. 

Under  the  direction  of  Henry  Elliott,  the  only  artist  who  has 
ever  drawn  and  painted  the  seal  and  walrus  in  their  native  haunts, 
an  interesting  exhibit  for  the  World's  Fair  was  prepared  by  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  This  exhibit  consists  of  models  in  papier 
mache  representing  the  fur  seal  and  walrus  fisheries  on  the  Alaskan 
coast.  The  animals  represented,  as  well  as  the  men  who  catch  them, 
are  modeled  in  clay.  One  of  the  models  shows  a  seal  "drive."  This 


264      riCTL'KESQl'E  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE   TO  THE   H'ORL&S  FAIR. 


model  includes  hundreds  of  mimic  seals  which  Aleuts  are  driving 
along  to  the  killing  grounds  by  waving  cloths  and  shouting.  Another 
illustrates  a  ''rookery1'  on  which  the  full  grown  seals,  bellowing  and 
pugnacious,  have  hauled  up  out  of  the  surf  upon  the  islands  to  breed. 
Another  model  shows  a  hauling  ground  of  bachelor  seals.  The  kill- 
ing of  seals  is  also  shown,  a  group  of  Aleuts  being  represented  in  the 
act  of  smashing  their  heads  with  clubs.  There  is  also  represented  a 
number  of  hair  seals,  which  are  not  useful  for  their  fur,  but  merely 
for  food  supply  to  the  natives  of  that  region.  The  walruses,  now 
rapidly  becoming  extinct,  are  also  reproduced  in  material  that  gives 
them  a  remarkably  life-like  appearance.  Hundreds  of  models  in  clay 
are  made  of  these  animals,  in  order  to  represent  the  different  species 
and  sizes  of  each.  They  are  cast  in  papier  mache  and  painted. 

THE  ART  PALACE. — The  FINE  ART  GALLERY  is  intended  to 
be  a  perfectly  safe  depository  for  the  art  collection,  and  it  and  the 
UNITED  STATES  BUILDING  will  be,  considering  size,  the  costliest 
structures  of  the  Fair.  Many  of  the  art  exhibits  herein  contained 
will  probably  be  bought  for  the  permanent  gallery  Chicago  intends 
establishing  after  the  Fair  is  over,  as  its  memento.  Among  the 
paintings  already  here  is  Moro's  picture  of  Columbus,  executed  in 
1540,  and  bought  in  London  to  exhibit  at  the  Fair.  The  ART 
BUILDING  is  in  reality  a  group  of  galleries.  The  chief  structure  is 
cruciform  with  a  nave  320  feet  long  by  96  feet  wide,  and  transepts 
stretching  500  feet.  The  four  exterior  angles  are  filled  in  with  lower 
constructions,  thus  making  it  a  parallelogram  or  oblong,  500  feet  by 
320  feet,  with  a  wide  projecting  portico  in  the  middle  of  each  side, 
the  roof  extending  from  all  the  cornices  back  to  a  central  dome,  and 
intersected  north,  east,  south  and  west  by  a  great  nave  and  transept 
100  feet  wide  and  70  feet  high,  and  at  the  intersection  of  which  is  the 
great  dome  69  feet  in  diameter.  This  magnificent  structure  is  in  the 
Grecian-Ionic  style  of  architectitre  and  is  a  pure  type  of  the  most 
refined  classic  architecture.  It  is  125  feet  to  the  top  of  the  dome, 
which  is  surmounted  by  a  colossal  statue  of  the  type  of  famous  fig- 
ure s  of  winged  Victory.  The  transept  has  a  clear  space  through  the 
center  of  60  feet  being  lighted  entirely  from  above.  On  either  side 
are  art  galleries  20  feet  wide  and  24  feet  above  the  floor.  The  cost  of 
this  ART  PALACE  is  between  $500,000  and  $600,000  and  was  planned 
in  the  World's  Fair  Construction  Department,  under  the  eyes  of  Sup- 
ervising Architect  D.  H.  Burnham  and  Chief  Designer  P.  B.  At  wood. 


2.55 


256      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


On  the  main  floor  of  the  nave  and  transept  the  collections  of 
sculptures  are  displayed,  and  on  the  walls  of  both  the  ground  floors 
of  the  galleries  are  ample  areas  for  displaying  the  paintings  and 
sculptured  panels  in  relief.  The  corners  made  by  the  crossing  of  the 
nave  and  transept  are  filled  up  with  small  picture  galleries.  And 
around  the  entire  building  are  galleries  40  feet  wide  forming  a  con- 
tinuous promenade  around  the  classic  structure. 

Separated  from  the  main  gallery,  and  100  feet  distant  on  the  east 
and  west  sides,  are  two  annexes,  each  320  feet  by  120  feet.  These 
annexes  are  one-storied  and  divided  into  large  and  small  galleries. 
The  annexes  are  brought  forward  so  that  the  whole  group  surrounds 
three  sides  of  a  court  300  feet  by  700  feet,  which  will  be  made  an 
attractive  feature.  The  architect  of  the  annexes  in  its  facade  at  least, 
is  George  W.  Root. 

The  entrance  to  the  main  building  is  by  four  great  portals, 
richly  ornamented  with  architectural  sculpture,  and  approached  by 
broad  flights  of  steps.  The  walls  of  the  loggia  of  the  colonnades 
are  highly  decorated  with  mural  paintings,  illustrating  the  history 
and  progress  of  the  arts.  The  frieze  of  the  eastern  walls  and  the  ped- 
iments of  the  principal  entrances  are  ornamented  with  the  sculptures 
and  portraits  in  bas-relief  of  the  masters  of  ancient  art  The  general 
tone  or  color  is  light  gray  stone.  The  building,  though  of  a  tempo- 
rary character,  is  necessarily  fire-proof.  The  main  walls  are  of  solid 
brick  covered  with  "staff,"  architecturally  ornamented,  while  the 
roof,  floors  and  galleries  are  of  iron. 

This  palatial  structure  is  beautifully  located  in  the  northern 
portion  of  the  Park,  with  the  south  front  facing  the  lagoon.  Beauti- 
ful terraces  separated  the  structure  from  the  lagoon.  They  are  orna- 
mented with  balustrades,  with  an  immense  flght  of  steps  leading 
down  from  the  main  portal  to  the  lagoon,  where  there  is  a  landing 
for  boats.  The  north  front  faces  the  wide  lawn  and  the  group  of 
State  buildings.  Groups  of  statues,  replica  ornaments  of  classic  art, 
such  as  the  Choriagic  monument,  the  "Cave  of  the  Winds,"  and 
other  beautiful  examples  of  Grecian  art,  ornament  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  the  building.  The  ornamentation  also  includes 
statues  of  heroic  and  life-size  proportions. 

It  was  the  general  impression  for  some  time  after  the  holding  of 
the  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago  had  been  decided  upon  that 
the  department  of  Fine  Arts  would  be  the  weakest.  The  point  was 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  257 


raised  that  Europe  would  not  contribute  its  art  collections  or  any 
considerable  portion  of  them  for  the  reason  that  Chicago  was  gener- 
ally believed  abroad  to  be  a  city  far  removed  from  the  centre  of  edu- 
cation and  culture  in  the  United  States.  This  point  was  raised, 
however,  by  persons  who  under-rated  European  knowledge  with  re- 
gard to  Chicago.  It  very  soon  became  evident  that  the  choice  of 
Chicago  as  the  location  of  the  World's  Fair  was  not  only  received 
favorably  abroad,  but  with  more  satisfaction  than  if  New  York  had 
been  selected,  and  by  no  class  was  the  selection  of  Chicago  received 
with  more  satisfaction  than  by  that  interested  in  the  development  of 
art.  Scarcely  had  the  invitations  to  foreign  governments  been  sent 
out  by  the  State  department  before  applications  for  space  began  to 
pour  in.  The  amount  of  wall  space  asked  by  England,  France,  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Italy,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Russia  and  other  Euro- 
pean States  was  greater  than  they  had  consumed  at  the  last  Paris 
Exposition,  and  was  a  pleasant  surprise  to  the  Exposition  manage- 
ment. In  1892  Halsey  C.  Ives,  chief  of  department,  made  a  six 
months'  tour  through  Europe.  He  visited  every  important  art  cen- 
ter on  the  Continent,  and  returned  convinced  that  England,  France, 
Germany,  Belgium,  Holland  and  Italy  would  make  magnificent  dis- 
plays. 

The  Art  Building,  as  planned,  had  approximately  125,000  square 
feet  of  space  for  pictures.  This  was  exclusive  of  the  space  allotted  to 
Sculpture  and  Statuary.  Mr.  Ives  found  that  200,000  square  feet 
would  be  necessary  for  pictures.  He  based  his  opinion  upon  the  fact 
that  early  in  1892  all  the  available  space  had  been  practically  con- 
signed, while  a  dozen  foreign  countries  at  least  were  still  to  be  heard 
from.  France  alone  had  asked  for  82,000  square  feet.  Eighty-two 
thousand  square  feet  for  an  art  exhibit  was  more  than  twice  the  com- 
bined amount  asked  for  by  England  and  Germany.  The  former 
secured  20,000  square  feet  and  the  latter  a  like  amount.  Belgium 
asked  for  8,000  square  feet ;  Holland,  3,000;  Denmark,  3,000;  and 
Japan  2,000,  making  a  total  of  56,000  square  feet.  It  became  neces- 
sary, therefore,  that  the  two  annexes  to  the  building  should  be  con- 
siderably enlarged.  Even  with  the  additional  space  the  visitor  will 
find  that  the  walls  and  floors  of  the  magnificent  building  are  crowded. 

No  one  thing  exhibited  at  the  Centennial  attracted  more  general 
attention,  or  was  more  distinctly  remembered  than  the  "Sleeping 
lolanthe,"  in  butter,  by  Mrs.  Caroline  S.  Brooks.  Since  that  won - 
17 


8 

2 
d 


n 


258 


THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  259 


derful  success,  the  artist  has  done  several  notable  bits  in  a  character- 
istic vein,  the  best  known  being  "Lady  Godiva,"  a  bas-relief  which 
was  also  in  butter.  The  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  however, 
has  another,  and  a  full  length  ' '  Sleeping  lolanthe  ' '  in  marble.  Mrs. 
Brooks  worked  upon  the  exquisite  creation  for  several  years,  and 
found  difficulty  in  securing  a  block  of  marble,  flawless  in  quality, 
which  should  also  be  large  enough. 

The  statue  of  Shakespeare,  by  William  Ordway  Partridge,-  in- 
tended for  Lincoln  Park,  and  the  statue  of  Alexander  Hamilton, 
intended  for  Boston,  by  the  same  sculptor  ;  a  life-size  portrait  of 
Columbus,  by  Sallus,  the  celebrated  painter  of  Ecuador ;  two  ancient 
Greek  vases  made  of  baked  clay  and  which  are  twenty-two  centuries 
old  ;  a  marble  tablet  representing  the  landing  of  Columbus,  from 
Colon,  United  States  of  Colombia ;  the  Spitzar  art  collection,  the 
most  comprehensive  collection  of  European  art  in  the  world,  and 
valued  above  $4,000,000  ;  an  immense  display  of  ceramics  from  many 
nations ;  the  $10,000  portrait  of  Columbus,  executed  by  the  famous 
Moro  in  1540;  the  display  of  the  American  Society  of  Wood  En- 
gravers which  attracted  so  much  attention  at  the  last  Paris  Exposi- 
tion ;  displays  by  the  etchers  of  the  United  States  and  foreign  coun- 
tries ;  the  display  of  the  National  Lithographers',  Association  ;  an  im- 
mense exhibit  by  the  photographers  of  this  and  other  countries  ;  the 
paintings  of  G.  A.  P.  Healy,  the  famous  American  artist ;  the  large 
and  valuable  collection  of  Rudolph  Crenan,  of  Ileipsic,  representing 
scenes  and  incidents  in  the  life  of  Columbus  ;  the  greatest  paintings 
of  France,  Germany,  England,  Belgium,  Holland,  Italy,  Spain, 
Switzerland  and  other  European  nations ;  the  choicest  specimens  of 
art  from  Asiatic,  Australian,  African  and  South  American  centers ; 
the  rarest  and  most  costly  sculptures,  statues,  arts,  etc.,  from  the 
greatest  galleries  in  the  world,  and  the  most  impressive  collection  of 
the  works  of  American  artists,  will  be  among  the  attractions  of  the 
Art  Building. 

Architecture  is  represented  strongly  in  the  Art  Building.  The 
American  Institute  of  Architects  took  a  decided  stand  in  favor  of 
making  the  exhibit  a  prominent  and  a  worthy  one.  This  Institute  in- 
cludes in  its  membership  all  the  well-known  names,  in  different  parts 
of  the  country,  of  men  to  whom  the  growth  of  American  architecture, 
as  distinguished  from  mere  building  and  construction,  is  due,  and  of 
which  they  are  to-day  the  honored  representatives. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  261 


The  rules  governing  the  Art  exhibit  may  be  briefly  stated  as  fol- 
lows :  ''All  work  to  be  admitted  must  be  originals,  with  the  excep- 
tion that  casts  from  original  works  by  modern  artists  are  placed  in 
the  same  class  with  original  figures  and  groups  in  marble.  There 
will  be  three  sections  in  the  department — an  American  section,  a  sec- 
tion for  foreign  countries  that  are  represented  by  a  commission,  a 
section  comprising  private  collections  and  the  works  of  artists  from 
countries  not  represented  by  a  commission.  All  works  must  be  ex- 
amined by  the  official  jury  before  they  can  be  admitted.  Progress  in 
American  art  and  architecture  is  to  be  a  special  feature  of  the  ex- 
hibit." 

THE  CASINO  AND  PIER.— The  Pier,  extending  out  into  Lake 
Michigan  from  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Grand  Court  or  avenue 
running  from  the  ADMINISTRATION  BUILDING  to  the  lake,  is  one  thousand 
feet  long  and  eighty  feet  wide.  At  the  extremity  of  the  Pier  is  the 
beautiful  Casino.  Along  the  shore  from  which  the  Pier  projects  runs 
a  beautiful  promenade  large  enough  to  hold  the  thousands  of  visitors  that 
will  throng  it  during  the  fair. 

From  the  Pier  will  be  in  full  view  me  entire  line  of  Exhibition  Build- 
ings. Passenger  steamers  will  ply  to  and  fro  from  the  Pier  and  the  City. 

The  architecture  of  the  Casino  is  of  the  Venetian  order,  and  was 
planned  by  Architects  Burling  and  Whitehouse,  of  Chicago.  It  is  a 
composite  structure  embracing  nine  pavilions,  and  is  meant  to  be  a  repre- 
sentation, on  a  small  scale,  of  Venice  in  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan.  It 
is  built  on  piles,  and  is  1 80  bv  400  feet.  It  has  nine  pavilions  two  stories 
high,  except  in  the  middle,  where  the  central  pavilion  rises  to  the  height 
of  1 80  feet.  The  communication  between  the  nine  pavilions,  separated 
as  they  are  by  water,  is  by  means  of  gondolas  and  bridges,  in  imitation, 
as  far  as  possible  of  the  way  of  getting  about  in  Venice.  The  aspect  is 
truly  Venetian, — with  its  gondolas,  bridges  and  water. 

In  front  of  the  Casino  is  the  harbor  for  small  pleasure  boats.  At 
night  this  harbor  is  lighted  by  incandescent  lamps  sunk  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  water.  A  gallery  fifty-six  feet  wide  surrounds  the  central 
pavilion,  while  at  the  west  end  of  the  Pier  stands  thirteen  columns  de- 
signed by  sculptor  St.  Gaudens  to  represent  the  THIRTEEN  Original 
States  of  the  UNION. 

The  material  of  the  Casino  is  of  wood,  and  the  walls  are  covered  with 
"  Staff,"  in  resemblance  of  marble,  highly  and  variously  colored, 

'At  the  Casino  the  visitor  will  be  furnished  with  excellent  music  and 
light  refreshments,  as  well  as  permitted  a  view  of  water,  city  and  exposi- 
tion palaces  while  enjoying  the  cool  breezes. 


262      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLDS  FAIR. 


THE  STATE  BUILDINGS  AND  EXHIBITS.— Sites  for  buildings 
or  space  for  special  exhibits  were  allotted  by  the  Exposition  management 
to  every  State  and  Territory  of  the  American  Union.  Every  one  of  them 
is  represented  in  some  manner  on  the  Exposition  grounds  ;  most  of  them 
creditably,  some  of  them  magnificently.  The  foreign  visitor  must  under- 
stand that  each  of  the  States  and  Territories  is  perfectly  independent  in 
all  such  matters,  and  that  it  is  only  by  a  vote  of  the  respective  State  or 
Territorial  Legislatures,  involving  the  appropriation  of  funds  to  meet  the 
expenses  of  the  exhibit,  that  action  could  be  taken.  It  is  a  matter  in 
which  neither  the  Federal  government  nor  a  neighboring  state  or  territory 
can  interfere.  Some  of  the  State  legislatures  were  generous  in  their 
appropriations  ;  some  delayed  action  until  the  last  moment.  As  a  rule, 
when  the  legislatures  failed  to  act,  or  when  their  action  was  considered 
inadequate  to  the  importance  of  the  event,  private  citizens  contributed,  in 
order  that  their  States  should  not  be  left  out  in  the  cold  or  misrepresented 
by  a  poor  display.  Chicago  being  the  chief  city  of  the  State  of  Illinois' 
the  latter  commonwealth  very  naturally  takes  the  lead  among  her  sisters. 
The  Illinois  building  is  one  of  the  grandest  on  the  grounds,  and  the 
Illinois  exhibit  ranks  among  the  first.  For  convenience  sake  the  State 
buildings  and  State  exhibits  are  arranged  alphabetically  rather  than  with 
regard  to  their  prominence,  politically  or  otherwise.  The  following  is  a 
description  of  some  of  the  State  buildings . 

ALABAMA.— Provision  was  made  for  a  state  building  for  Alabama.  The 
state  is  represented  in  miniature  at  the  Exposition  by  a  series  of  comprehensive 
relief  maps.  It  is  proposed  to  show  the  mineral  deposits,  cotton  belt,  vegetable 
farms  and  everything  else  of  interest  in  the  state  on  a  series  of  maps  covering 
20,000  square  feet.  Besides  this  an  exhibit  of  the  state's  industries  and  products 
will  be  found  grouped  in  the  Department  buildings.  Alabama  likewise  con- 
tributed to  the  general  display. 

ARKANSAS. — Arkansas  has  no  special  state  building,  but  she  makes  an  ex- 
hibit of  her  industries  and  products  that  will  be  representative  and  worth}-. 
While  the  legislature  did  nothing  toward  furthering  the  exhibit  of  the  state, 
the  citizens  organized  and  the  result  is  apparent  to  the  visitor.  Arkansas  also 
contributed  to  the  general  Exposition.  In  the  forestry  display  there  are  some 
noted  specimens  of  her  pine  trees.  In  the  agricultural  building  also  she  has 
made  a  creditable  showing. 

CALIFORNIA. — The  California  building  is  characteristic  of  the  great  Pacific 
Coast  State,  picturing  in  its  exterior  the  California  of  the  Padres,  and  in  its 
interior  the  California  of  to-day.  While  the  architect  has  closely  followed  the 
old  mission  style,  he  has  interjected  enough  of  the  more  ornate  Moorish  to  relieve 
the  somewhat  somber  effect  of  the  old  churches,  and  he  gives  the  required  light 
and  roominess.  Therefore  there  is  a  charming  simplicity  of  detail.  Outside 
there  is  a  clear  stor\'  with  a  great,  flat  central  dome  as  the  crowning  feature  and 
a  roof-garden  to  heighten  the  semi-tropical  appearance.  From  the  ground  to 


RANDOLPH   STREET. 


263 


264      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 


the  eaves  is  fifty  feet  and  to  the  highest  point  of  the  roof  proper  sixty-five  feet, 
while  the  elevation  of  the  dome  is  eighty  feet.  Those  portions  of  the  roof  not 
devoted  to  the  garden  are  closely  copied  after  the  quaint  adobe  buildings  of  the 
early  Spanish  settlements,  with  genuine  earthen-ware  tiles,  deep  red  in  color, 
semi-cylindrical  and  overlapping.  The  dome  and  middle  portions  are  tiled  with 
iron  plates  curled  and  shaped  like  the  original  roofing.  The  material  of  the 
walls  is  wood,  treated  with  some  sort  of  cement  and  worked  into  a  close  imita- 
tion of  the  yellowish-gray  adobe  of  the  old  days.  On  the  four  corners  and  flank- 
ing the  dome  are  towers  designed  after  the  mission  belfries,  and  in  them  arc 
swung  some  of  the  old  Spanish  bells  which  have  outlived  the  Padres  and  their 
crumbling  churches.  The  interior  carries  a  galley  giving  an  area  equal  to  two- 
thirds  of  the  ground  floor.  This  is  set  apart  for  offices,  which  are  grouped  so  as 
to  command  a  clear  view  of  the  main  floor.  The  ground-plan  is  one  vast  exhi- 
bition hall,  the  arrangement  of  compartments  conforming  to  the  extent  of  the 
displays  as  decided  upon  by  the  Commissioners.  The  total  floor  space  is  100,000 
square  feet,  of  which  the  gallen-  affords  40,000,  the  extreme  measurements  of 
the  building  being  500  feet  by  1 10  feet  main  width.  The  cost  of  the  building  is 
,  $75>ooo. 

A  wonderful  exhibit  is  presented  by  California.  The  state  has  long  been 
famous  for  the  size  of  its  trees,  some  of  which  are  the  largest  in  the  world.  This 
exhibit  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  complete  railway  car,  excepting  only  the 
trucks,  fashioned  and  carved  from  the  trunk  of  a  "Sequoia  Giganta,"  or  big 
tree  of  Tulare  county.  The  originators  of  the  idea  are  Messrs.  Doyle,  Mej-ers 
and  Bachman,  of  the  county  named.  The  tree  used  is  about  twenty-eight  feet 
in  diameter  and  something  more  than  four  hundred  feet  long.  The  immense  log 
was  cut  down  to  the  size  of  a  car,  or  about  eleven  feet  square  and  fifty-five  feet 
in  length.  All  this  had  to  be  done  by  hand  with  long  saws  made  expressly  for 
this  purpose.  It  w'asthen  hollowed  out  inside  by  first  cutting  doors  at  each  end, 
working  out  the  insides  and  polishing  the  inside  surface  ;  the  roof  is  the  natural 
bark  of  the  tree.  The  material  taken  from  the  inside  and  cut  off  in  squaring 
the  log  was  manufactured  into  useful  little  souvenirs  of  this  wonderful  produc- 
tion. A  full-sized  railway  car  made  of  but  a  single  piece  of  wood  will  surely  be 
a  feature  of  great  interest.  California  will  show  as  a  part  of  its  exhibit  the 
finest  collection  of  minerals  in  the  United  States.  Instead  of  making  a  special 
collection,  as  was  done  for  the  New  Orleans,  Philadelphia  and  Paris  expositions 
the  state  sends  the  magnificent  collections  belonging  to  the  State  Mining  Bureau 
Museum.  The  State  University  had  the  collection  of  the  State  Geological  Sur- 
vey, the  Voy  collection,  Hanks  collection,  Keene  collection,  and  several  others. 
These  are  all  classified,  arranged,  identified  and  labeled.  Each  county  and  dis- 
trict in  the  state  is  properly  represented.  Every  department  of  the  mining  in- 
dustry has  its  separate  place  with  locality  indicated.  No  other  state  or  territory 
of  the  Union  has  any  such  collection  as  belongs  to  California  now.  Among  the 
exhibits  from  Southern  California  is  a  model  constructed  to  illustrate  irrigation. 
Of  course  the  California  exhibit  is  one  of  the  greatest  and  grandest  on  the 
grounds.  The  state  appropriated  $300,000,  and  even-  cent  of  this,  and  a  great 
deal  more,  has  been  spent  in  securing  an  exhibit  worthy  of  the  golden  state. 
The  wine  and  fruit  exhibits  alone  are  superb.  Besides  California's  special  dis- 


MARYLAND. 


ILLINOIS. 


NEW   JERSEY. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


CALIFORNIA. 


THE   WORLD'S  COL  L'MBIAN  EXPOSITION.  267 


play  she  has  contributed  largely  to  every  other  department  of  the  Exposition, 
and  the  visitor  will  be  amazed  at  the  extent  of  her  resources.  The  state's  vari- 
ous exhibits  are  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  different  departments. 

COLORADO. — This  young  state  has  a  granite  and  marble  palace.  The  Colo- 
rado Marble  and  Mining  Company  contributed  the  material  for  the  building. 
Besides  the  mineral,  agricultural  and  educational  exhibits,  the  flora  and  fauna 
of  the  state  are  shown  in  great  completeness.  More  than  1,000  specimen  plants 
were  pressed  ;  nearly  200  varieties  of  fruit  were  duplicated  perfectly  in  wax  and 
more  than  2,000  species  of  insects  were  mounted  long  before  the  Exposition  was 
opened.  Colorado  contributed  largely  to  every  department  of  the  Exposition' 
The  women  of  Colorado  subscribed  $10,000  for  the  purchase  of  Powers'  famous 
statue  "  The  last  of  his  race,"  which  appears  in  connection  with  the  Colorado 
exhibit.  The  statue  represents  a  dj-ing  buffalo  with  an  Indian  standing  by  its 
side  with  uplifted  spear.  This  state  makes  a  specially  fine  mineral  exhibit. 
The  exhibit  of  Colorado  is  both  technical  and  economic  in  its  character,  and 
forms  a  popular  and  massive  display  of  the  state's  resources  in  ores,  building 
ston-e,  coal,  iron,  cotnmergial  clays,  gold  and  silver. 

CONNECTICUT. — The  state  of  Connecticut  made  no  appropriation  for  the 
World's  Fair,  but  $50,000  was  raised  by  general  subscriptions,  the  city  of  Hart- 
ford contributing  alone  $10,000.  This  mone}r  has  been  spent  in  a  manner  that 
insures  Connecticut  a  favorable  representation  in  the  several  departments,  and 
also  a  special  exhibit. 

DELAWARE. — The  little  state  of  Delaware  lost  no  time  in  subscribing  its 
loyal  adherence  to  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  considering  the  ex- 
tent of  its  area  opened  its  coffers  with  a  liberality  which  is  highly  compliment- 
ary to  its  citizens.  The  first  donation  was  $10,000,  which  was  to  be  followed  by 
a  further  sum  of  $15,000.  It  occupies  a  position  in  the  Exhibition  buildings, 
but  its  headquarters  will  be  in  the  space  allotted  in  Jackson  Park  to  the  different 
states.  The  building  which  is  constructed  wholly  of  native  woods  and  mate- 
rials of  the  state  of  Delaware,  is  very  picturesque  and  elaborately  finished, 
measuring  58  feet  by  60  feet.  The  cost  was  $7, 500.  A  room  in  the  building  is 
fitted  up  in  Colonial  style,  with  hangings,  pictures,  and  furniture  all  in  repre- 
sentation of  Colonial  days.  There  are  figures  in  clay  of  the  old  Swedes'  Church 
in  Wilmington,  Barratt's  Chapel,  near  Frederica,  the  home  of  Methodism,  and 
Christ  Church,  near  Laurel.  Old  Swedes'  Church  was  founded  in  1699  at  a  cost 
of  .£800.  Barratt's  Chapel,  located  in  Kent  county,  near  Frederica,  and  eleven 
miles  south  of  Dover,  was  founded  in  1780.  Christ  Church,  Broad  Creek,  about 
two  miles  east  of  Laurel,  Sussex  county,  was  built  more  than  a  hundred  years 
ago  of  heart  pine.  It  is  without  a  particle  of  paint.  It  has  the  high -backed 
pews,  the  chancel  at  one  end,  the  servants'  gallery  at  the  opposite  end,  while 
midway  on  the  east  side  is  the  loft}-  pulpit,  and  immediately  below  are  the  read- 
ing-desk and  the  clerk's  desk.  The  first  consignment  of  Delaware's  exhibit 
comprised  six  cars  loaded  with  native  woods,  three  cars  from  Sussex,  two  from 
Kent,  and  one  from  New  Castle  counties.  The  consignment  was  placarded 
"  From  the  World's  Fair  Commissioners  of 'Delaware  to  the  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion, Chicago."  This  was  one  of  the  earliest  consignments  received. 

FLORIDA. — The  design  of  the  Florida  state  building  is  modeled  after  old 


GREAT  NORTHERN   HOTEL 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  269 


Fort  Marion,  which  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  as  we'l  as  the  oldest  structure 
in  North  America,  and  an  interesting  relic  of  Spanish  conquest  in  the  new  world. 
Begun  in  1620,  when  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  were  landing  at  Plymouth  Rock,  this 
curious  four-bastion  ed  fortress  was  ancient  long  before  the  white  man  reared  his 
cabin  on  the  spot  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  which  is  now  a  center  of  in- 
terest throughout  the  civilized  world.  The  form  of  the  building  renders  it  pecu- 
liarly well  adapted  for  the  display  of  Florida's  varied  resources,  the  mast  and 
ramparts  affording  opportunity  for  a  series  of  sunken  and  hanging  gardens  of 
remarkable  interest.  The  cost  of  building  and  exhibit  was  $100,000.  In  addi- 
tion to  her  special  exhibit,  Florida  occupies  three  acres  of  space  in  the  exhibition 
of  flowers. 

GEORGIA. — Georgia  has  a  handsome  building  and  a  creditable  display,  the 
cost  of  which  was  provided  by  private  subscription.  The  sum  of  $100,000  was 
raised  by  the  citizens  of  the  state.  The  state  is  represented  in  nearly  every  de- 
partment of  the  Exposition. 

IDAHO. — Idaho  has  a  state  building  peculiar  to  herself.  Recognizing  the 
folly  of  attempting  to  compete  with  the  older  states  in  the  erection  of  an  elabo- 
rate building,  she  constructed  one  somewhat  rustic  in  appearance  and  costing 
$15,000.  In  its  exhibit  Idaho  pays  special  attention  to  the  mining  industry.  It 
may  not  be  generally  understood,  but  the  fact  remains  that  the  state  has  con- 
tributed $175,000,000  of  money  in  gold  and  "silver  to  increase  the  wealth  and  en- 
rich the  commerce  of  the  land.  It  produces  one-half  the  lead  product  of  the 
United  States.  In  consideration  of  these  facts  a  special  effort  was  made  to  have 
a  mining  exhibit  commensurate  with  the  importance  of  the  state  as  a  valuable 
mineral  producer.  The  state  legislature  appropriated  $20,000.  Private  citizens 
contributed  $100,000  additional. 

ILLINOIS. — The  state  of  which  Chicago  is  the  chief  city  very  naturally  takes 
the  lead  among  her  sisters,  both  as  regards  her  special  building  and  her  special 
exhibit.  Aside  from  private  contributions,  which  were  numerous,  the  state 
legislature  appropriated  $800,000  to  defray  the  expenses,  to  begin  with.  The 
Illinois  building  has  come  to  be  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  main  structures  of 
the  Exposition.  It  occupies  one  of  the  most  favored  spots  on  the  grounds,  in 
the  northern  or  "  improved  "  portion  of  Jackson  Park,  where  on  the  south  for 
nearly  one  mile  there  is  a  view  of  a  beautiful  water-way,  and  on  the  north  and 
east  are  the  unique  buildings  of  other  states  and  foreign  nations.  Illinois  \vas 
the  first  state  to  be  ready  with  its  building,  and  in  its  construction  there  was 
expended  5250,000.  The  building,  with  its  dome  200  feet  high,  is  located  near 
where  the  boat-house  formerly  stood  on  the  artificial  lake.  A  broad  channel 
about  sixty  feet  wide  was  extended  from  the  southeast  portion  of  the  park  up  to 
this  lake.  The  grand  entrance  to  the  building  faces  this  water-way,  and  pas- 
sengers up  this  channel  discover  the  Illinois  state  building  looming  up  at  the 
end  of  the  route.  The  structure  is  placed  on  a  terrace  four  feet  high,  and  in 
front  of  the  entrances  there  are  stone  terraces  with  railings,  statues,  and  stone 
steps  leading  down  to  the  roadway.  The  main  features  are  the  terraces  north 
and  sotith,  the  south  the  more  important  of  the  two,  as  from  this  point  ma}-  be 
viewed  the  panorama  of  all  the  magnificent  Fair  buildings,  as  well  as  the  water- 
way. The  building  is  embellished  with  fine  carving  and  statuary,  the  material 


270      FJCTCAESQCE  CHICAGO  AXD  GL'JDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


being  cast  blocks  of  approved  composition.  It  is  thorough!}'  lighted,  first  from 
the  side  windows,  whicn  are  placed  about  fourteen  feet  above  the  floor  to  permit 
cases  to  be  placed  against  the  walls  ;  second,  with  skylights  placed  in  the  flat 
roof  of  the  side  aisles  ;  and  third  with  continuous  skylights  on  the  ridge  of  a 
pitched  roof  or  nave.  Ventilation  is  provided  for  through  windows  placed  a 
story  above  the  flat  aisle  roof  and  the  foot  of  the  sloping  roof  over  the  nave. 
The  building  is  constructed  of'Illinois  stone,  brick  and  steel.  The  Memorial 
hall  and  school  were  formerly  designed  to  be  separate  buildings,  but  it  was 
decided  to  incorporate  them  in  the  main  structure.  Fountains  and  flowers 
decorate  the  adjacent  grounds,  and  allegorical  statuary  finds  a  place  in  the 
decorative  features  of  the  building.  The  interior  of  the  structure  is  appro- 
priately ornamented.  There  are  no  competitive  exhibits  in  the  Illinois  state 
building.  It  is  "  a  collective,  departmental  exhibit  for  the  state,  which  shall 
illustrate  its  natural  resources,  together  with  the  methods  employed  and  results 
accomplished  by  the  state  in  its  municipal  capacity  through  its  several  depart- 
ments, boards,  commissions,  bureaus  and  other  agencies  in  the  work  of  pro- 
moting the  moral,  educational  and  material  welfare  of  its  inhabitants,  so  far  as 
such  methods  and  results  are  susceptible  of  exhibition."  A  feature  is  a  modc-1 
common  school-room  of  high  grade,  full}-  equipped  and  furnished,  under  the 
direction  of  the  state  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  This  includes  the 
following  :  An  illustration  of  the  methods  and  results  of  educational  work  as 
pursued  in  che  normal  universities,  the  public,  technical  and  art  schools  and 
the  high  schools  of  the  state  ;  an  exhibit  by  the  University  of  Illinois  of  the 
equipment,  methods  of  instruction  and  achievements  of  that  institution  in  its 
several  departments  ;  an  exhibit  of  the  educational  and  industrial  work  as  con- 
ducted in  the  state  charitable  institutions.  There  are  also  collections,  correctly 
classified  and  labeled,  illustrating  the  natural  history  and  archaeology  of  the 
state  ;  an  exhibit  by  the  state  fish  commission  of  native  and  cultivated  live  fish, 
with  hatcher}-  and  appliances  and  equipments  for  transportation,  models  offish- 
ways  in  use  ;  also  a  special  collection  of  the  cultivated  products  in  the  several 
branches  of  agriculture;  architectural  drawings  (with  elevations)  of  every  public 
building  erected  and  now-  used  or  maintained  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  state  ; 
also  maps,  charts,  diagrams  and  tables  for  the  state,  and,  so  far  as  practicable, 
for  each  county.  In  the  memorial  hall,  which  is  fire-proof,  there  are  placed  such 
relics  and  trophies  belonging  to  the  state  as  the  governor  has  designated.  The 
control  and  general  management  of  the  exhibit  devolves  upon  the  state  board  of 
agriculture.  The  board  in  turn  invited  the  co-operation  of  Illinois  members  of 
the  national  commission  and  of  the  board  of  lady  managers. 

There  are  three  entrances — the  prominent  one  to  the  south,  one  to  the  west 
facing  the  Midway  Plaisance,  and  the  other  on  the  north  end  of  Memorial  hall 
from  the  boat  landing  or  the  edge  of  the  lagoon.  The  building  in  the  main  is 
160  feet  wide  by  450  feet  long,  with  the  school-house,  about  75x60  feet,  taken 
out  of  the  east  end  and  within  the  building.  The  dome  is  72  feet  in  diameter 
and  about  200  feet  high,  with  a  lookout  about  80  feet  high  and  another  in  the 
lantern  about  175  feet  high.  The  side  walls  are  47  feet  high,  while  the  center 
wing  on  the  south  is  72  feet  high,  and  both  ends  54  feet,  with  a  still  higher  pro- 
jection in  the  center.  On  the  north  the  Memorial  hall  forms  a  wing  50x75  feet, 


THE   PULLMAN   BUILDING. 


271 


272      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE   TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


while  on  the  south  is  placed  the  executive  offices  in  a  wing  75x123  feet,  carried 
up  three  stories,  with  a  public  hall  in  the  third  story.  In  addition  to  these 
offices,  there  are  others  in  each  of  the  four  corners  for  the  departmental  officers. 
The  Memorial  hall  has  a  gallery.  There  is  a  gallery  around,  inside  and  outside 
of  dome  piers  for  viewing  the  exhibit  hall. 

The  figure  which  crowns  the  main  entrance  of  the  Illinois  building  is  from 
the  hands  of  the  sculptor  Taft.  It  is  a  draped  figure  with  arms  outstretched, 
and  is  called  "  Illinois  Welcoming  the  Nations."  Another  allegorical  group  to 
be  seen  on  this  building  is  "The  Birth  of  Chicago."  Chicago,  a  rare  and 
radiant  maid  of  grace  divine,  garbed  in  trailing  robes,  is  pictured  coming  from 
earth  like  a  new  Pallas  Athene  springing  full-armed  from  the  forehead  of  Zeus. 
N3'mphs  of  the  lake,  the  forest  and  the  stream  attend  the  nativity  of  fair 
Chicago,  and  all  their  unstinted  offerings  are  poured  out  in  glad  profusion  at 
the  feet  of  the  new  queen  and  goddess.  "  La  Salle  and  his  Companions  "  and 
"Education"  are  other  groups  that  will  command  attention  and  admiration. 
All  are  by  Taft.  There  are  twelve  groups  in  all,  and  the  cost  was  $12,500. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  Illinois  exhibit  is  the  Worthen 
collection  of  fossils  and  library.  There  is  a  splendid  coal  exhibit  here  showing 
the  product  of  the  Illinois  mines.  The  state  fish  commission  is  well  repre- 
sented among  the  exhibits  ;  there  are  exhibits  of  the  state  charitable  and  crimi- 
nal institutes  ;  of  the  various  products,  and  mineral  and  industries  ;  a  geological 
exhibit,  an  emergency  hospital  exhibit,  a  kindergarten  exhibit,  an  educational 
exhibit,  besides  great  displays  of  fruit  and  flowers.  Illinois  does  not  confine 
her  exhibits  to  this  building,  however.  Her  competitive  exhibits  will  be  found 
in  every  department  of  the  Exposition.  The  following  was  the  apportionment 
of  the  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  state  commission  :  woman's  exhibit,  $^0,000 ; 
construction,  $195,800;  statuary,  $17,700;  architect's  fees,  $11,500;  grounds  and 
exterior  ornamentation,  $io,oco  ;  interior  furnishing,  560,500  ;  normal  and  com- 
mon schools,  and  university,  $30,000 ;  board  of  charities,  $20,000 ;  natural  his- 
tory, geology,  archseology,  $40,000;  fish  commission,  $5,000;  agriculture,  etc., 
$25,000;  live  stock,  $40,000;  horticulture,  $20,000;  agricultural  drawings,  maps, 
etc.,  $27,000;  state  and  county  statistics,  $8,000;  printing  and  stationery, 
$30,000;  administration,  including  cost  of  ceremonies,  receptions,  expenses  of 
board,  salaries,  freight  transportation,  rents,  care  of  buildings,  contingencies, 
etc.,  $175,000. 

INDIANA. — The  World's  Fair  commissioners  of  Indiana  offered  prizes  of 
§300,  $200  and  $100  respectively  for  the  first,  second  and  third  best  plans  for  the 
Indiana  building.  The  building  cost  about  $25,000,  and  it  contains  about  6,000 
square  feet  of  floor  space.  Instead  of  costing  $25,000  the  building  when 
completed  is  said  to  have  cost  double  this  sum.  Indiana  is  represented  in 
every  department  of  the  Exposition,  and  even-where  creditably. 

IOWA. — "  The  Blue  Grass  Palace  "  of  Iowa  is  one  of  the  attractive  novelties 
of  the  Exposition.  The  state  appropriated  a  preliminary  sum  of  $50,000,  which 
was  greatl)'  increased  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  Iowa  building  and  exhibit. 
The  Iowa  building,  a  handsome  structure,  cost  alone  $25,000.  The  corn,  educa- 
tional, horticultural,  mechanical  and  industrial  exhibits  generally  of  the  state 
are  among  the  attractions  of  the  Exposition. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION*  27$ 


KANSAS. — The  Kansas  state  building  is  cruciform  in  design,  two  stories 
high,  and  cost  $20,000.  It  is  constructed  entirely  of  Kansas  material.  The 
building  consists  of  13,934  square  feet.  There  are  4,058  square  feet  in  the  rear 
for  the  natural  history  exhibit  of  the  state  university  ;  3,340  square  feet  in  the 
front  of  the  building  for  headquarters  accommodations,  leaving  a  balance  of 
6,336  square  feet  for  odd  bits  in  the  center  of  the  building.  The  second  floor 
contains  3,840  square  feet  for  exhibits  and  3,340  square  feet  in  the  front  of  the 
building  for  further  consideration.  The  building  combines  the  idea  of  a  club- 
house and  a  building  for  the  state  exhibit.  Kansas  contributes  largely  to  the 
attractions  of  nearly  every  department  of  the  Exposition.  Aside  from  the  state 
appropriation,  her  citizens  raised  by  private  subscription  $150,000  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  a  creditable  exhibit. 

KENTUCKY. — Kentucky  is  represented  by  a  handsome  building  and  a  wor- 
thy exhibit.  She  contributes  to  every  department  of  the  Exposition.  The 
legislature  appropriated  $100,000,  and  private  citizens  contributed  generously. 

LOUISIANA. — Louisiana  is  represented  in  many  of  the  departments  of  the 
Exposition.  Her  exhibits  are  not  as  complete  as  they  should  be,  but  they  are 
not  unworthy  of  the  great  gulf  state. 

MAINE. — The  Maine  building  is  constructed  entirely  of  native  granite,  and 
cost  $10,000.  The  building  is  used  principally  as  a  club  or  reception  house. 
Maine  contributes  exhibits  to  every  department  of  the  Exposition. 

MASSACHUSETTS. — The  designers  took  for  their  model  the  old  Hancock 
house  that  stood  for  so  long  a  time  the  most  familiar  structure  on  Beacon  street, 
Boston,  and  which  is  an  admirable  representative  of  the  old  colonial  residence, 
with  such  modifications  only  as  the  purposes  of  the  structure  demand.  The 
reproduction  of  this  type  of  our  architecture  is  a  happy  idea,  and  will  undoubt- 
edly meet  with  general  appreciation.  The  cost  of  reproduction  was  about 
$40,000.  The  building  is  used  exclusively  as  a  state  headquarters  and  club 
house.  Massachusetts  contributes  very  largely  to  every  department  of  the  Ex- 
position, particularly  to  the  art,  educational,  horticultural  and  mechanical  dis- 
plays. The  exhibit  of  the  state  cost  $75,000. 

MARYLAND. — The  Maryland  building,  a  reproduction  of  the  state  house,  is 
constructed  of  granite,  and  cost  $35,000.  Maryland's  canning  and  oyster  inter- 
ests are  represented  on  a  large  scale.  The  canned  goods  exchange  of  Baltimore 
has  a  canning  house  in  which  a  practical  illustration  of  the  work  done  is  given. 
The  exhibit  of  the  state,  aside  from  the  building,  cost  $30,000. 

MICHIGAN. — The  legislature  of  Michigan  appropriated  $20,000  for  the  State 
Exposition  building,  but  most  of  the  material  was  contributed,  so  that  the 
structure,  as  it  stands,  represents  an  outlay  of  about  $50,000.  Its  dimensions 
are  100x140  feet.  The  building  is  constructed  wholly  of  Michigan  materials. 

MINNESOTA.— The  Minnesota  building  is  one  of  the  handsomest  on  the 
grounds,  a  prize  of  $500  having  been  awarded  the  successful  architect.  The 
legislatnre  subscribed  only  $50,000,  but  this  sum  was  increased  to  $150,000  by 
private  subscription.  Every  county  in  the  state  contributed  generously,  and 
the  result  is  a  creditable  building  and  a  creditable  exhibit  in  nearly  every  de- 
partment of  the  Exposition. 

MISSISSIPPI. — Mississippi  makes  a  very  creditable  showing,  particularly  in 

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THE    WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  275 


the  agricultural  and  horticultural  departments.    The  state  and  citizens  sub- 
scribed generously  toward  the  exhibit. 

MISSOURI. — The  exhibit  of  the  state  of  Missouri  is  one  of  the  most  exten- 
sive at  the  Exposition.  The  state  is  rich  in  agricultural  and  mineral  land,  and 
besides,  is  one  of  the  foremost  of  the  manufacturing  states  of  the  Union.  The 
state  very  early  applied  for  20,000  square  feet  of  space  in  the  horticultural  de- 
partment alone.  The  Missouri  building  cost  $50,000,  and  is  one  of  the  hand- 
somest structures  of  the  state  group.  The  state  originally  appropriated  $ 250,000, 
but  this  was  increased  to  $500,000,  an  appropriation  equal  to  New  York's. 

MONTANA. — The  legislature  of  this  young  but  wealthy  state  appropriated 
originally  $50,000  for  the  state's  exhibits.  Later  on  this  amount  was  doubled. 
Montana's  exhibits  will  be  found  principally  in  the  department  of  mines  and 
mining.  One  of  the  interesting  exhibits  from  the  state  is  a  relief  map  of  Butte, 
the  greatest  mining  camp  in  the  world.  The  state  board  set  aside  $5,000  for  the 
woman's  exhibit. 

NEBRASKA. — The  style  of  Nebraska  building  is  Romanesque,  and  its 
arrangement  combines  to  a  remarkable  degree  the  qualities  of  utility,  beauty 
and  small  cost  for  construction.  The  building  covers  9,652  square  feet,  not 
including  a  large  veranda  on  the  side  adjoining  the  little  lake.  The  agricul- 
tural and  general  exhibit  is  arranged  in  a  hall  100x60  feet.  Facing  the  exhibit 
hall  on  the  first  floor  are  offices,  balconies  and  a  lobb}'.  The  exhibit  from  this 
state  is  one  of  the  grandest  to  be  seen.  Nebraska  is  represented  particularly  in 
the  agricultural,  horticultural  and  forestry  departments. 

NEVADA. — Nevada  is  represented  almost  wholly  in  the  mines  and  mining 
department. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. — This  state  is  represented  in  every  department  of  the 
Exposition,  notably  in  the  geological  and  mining  displays.  New  Hampshire 
also  contributes  valuable  works  of  art  and  exhibits  for  the  educational  display. 

NEW  JERSEY. — The  appropriation  of  this  state  was  $70,000,  a  portion  of 
which  was  set  aside  for  the  building  of  a  state  headquarters.  The  state  has 
contributed  exhibits  to  every  department  of  the  Exposition. 

NEW  YORK. — New  York  appropriated  $300,000  to  defray  the  cost  of  its 
building  and  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair.  This  amount  was  increased  later  on, 
and  greatly  added  to  by  private  subscriptions.  There  was  considerable  delay 
on  the  part  of  New  York,  and  active  work  did  not  begin  until  the  spring  of 
1892.  From  that  time  on,  however,  New  York's  interest  in  the  Exposition 
lacked  nothing  in  enthusiasm.  The  building  of  the  state  of  New  York  repre- 
sents, with  very  slight  modifications,  the  historical  old  Van  Rensselaer  resi- 
dence, which  was  for  so  long  a  time  one  of  the  most  familiar  landmarks  in 
Gotham.  New  York  contributes,  of  course,  to  every  department  of  the  Fair, 
and  more  largely  than  any  other  American  state  excepting,  perhaps,  Illinois. 
Her  exhibits  are  prominent  in  the  art,  agricultural,  horticultural,  musical,  elec- 
tricity, mechanical  and  manufactures  departments. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. — North  Carolina  has  reproduced  for  its  building  what  is 
known  as  the  "Tyron  Palace."  This  structure,  constructed  of  material  brought 
from  England  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  centur}-,  is  a  fine  type  of  colonial 
architecture.  A  circular  colonnade  connects  upon  the  right  and  left  of  the 


27ti      2'ICTLRESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


main  building  two  similar  structures ;  and  to  reproduce  it  entire  in  full  size, 
occupies  the  entire  space  allotted  to  North  Carolina.  This  state  is  represented 
in  every  department  of  the  Exposition.  One  of  the  oldest  states  of  the  Union, 
its  contribution  of  art  treasures  and  curios  is  very  interesting. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. — The  North  Dakota  building  is  70x50  feet.  A  space  46x21 
feet  in  front  of  the  main  assembly  hall,  between  two  committee-rooms,  is  used 
as  a  court-yard.  From  this  court-yard  the  main  assembly-room  is  entered 
through  a  large  stone  arch,  above  which  on  the  exterior  is  an  elaborately  carved 
panel  containing  the  coat  of  arms  of  North  Dakota.  The  main  feature  of  the 
interior  is  the  assembl}-  hall,  which  includes  a  space  24x56  feet.  North  Dakota 
of  course  pays  great  attention  to  the  exhibit  of  her  principal  product,  wheat, 
but,  also,  makes  a  good  showing  in  several  other  departments.  The  educational 
advantages  of  the  j-oung  state  are  fully  presented,  and  her  school  exhibit  is 
among  the  best.  She  makes  contributions  to  the  department  of  forestry. 

OHIO. — The  st}-le  of  architecture  of  the  Ohio  building  is  distinctive  and 
much  unlike  that  of  any  of  the  other  state  buildings.  The  original  idea  was  to 
have  the  building  constructed  of  material  furnished  gratis  by  contractors,  and 
thus  make  it  in  itself  an  exhibit  of  the  building  materials  of  the  state.  How- 
ever, the  contractors  were  slow  in  taking  the  matter  up,  and  so  many  obstacles 
stood  in  the  way  that  it  was  determined  to  build  it  of  wood.  The  estimated  cost 
was  about  $35,000.  The  building  is  two  stories,  the  lower  one  being  of  more 
than  the  ordinary  height.  The  state  of  Ohio  sends  exhibits  to  the  Fair  valued 
at  between  $5,000,000  and  $6,000,000.  The  appropriation  of  the  state  was 
$100,000. 

OREGON. — The  state  of  Oregon  is  represented  very  fully  in  the  agricultural, 
mining  and  other  departments.  It  has  also  contributed  to  the  forestry  depart- 
ment. The  real  work  of  the  state  did  not  commence  until  late  in  1892,  but  the 
exhibit  is  nevertheless  creditable 

PENNSYLVANIA. — The  Pennsylvania  building,  as  is  quite  appropriate,  is  one 
of  the  costliest  and  handsomest  of  the  group.  One  of  the  main  attractions  is 
the  old  "  liberty  bell "  from  Independence  Hall,  which  hangs  in  the  tower  or 
rotunda  directly  opposite  the  gallery  on  the  second  floor.  The  entire  height  of 
the  building  is  165  feet.  Over  800  electric  lights  are  used  to  light  it.  Porches 
20  feet  wide  surround  the  building.  The  whole  structure  is  practically  a  repro- 
duction of  Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia.  Pennsylvania  appropriated  $300,- 
ooo  to  defray  the  cost  of  its  building  and  exhibits,  but  this  represented  only  a 
small  portion  of  the  state's  contributions. 

RHODE  ISLAND. — The  building  of  the  little  state  of  Rhode  Island  is  a  two- 
story  structure,  modeled  after  the  Doric  style  of  architecture,  with  towering 
pillars  resting  on  porches  at  either  end.  The  entrance  at  the  front  is  through 
three  circular  arches  into  a  circular  porch  twenty  feet  in  diameter,  which  opens 
into  a  main  hall  20  x  42  feet.  The  first  cost  was  estimated  to  be  $8,000.  Rhode 
Island  contributes  largely  to  the  manufactures  and  liberal  arts  department,  as 
well  as  to  every  one  of  the  great  sections  of  the  Exposition. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. — South  Carolina,  owing  to  the  defeat  of  an  appropriation 
bill  in  the  legislature,  was  late  in  securing  a  place  among  her  sister  states  ;  but 
the  exhibit  made,  though  small,  comparatively,  is  creditable. 


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278      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  1-A1R. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA.— The  state  building  of  South  Dakota  is  in  the  style  of  an 
o!d  French  farm-house.  The  walls  are  of  bricks.  Its  dimensions  are  60  x  72  feet. 
On  the  first  floor  is  an  assembly  hall  with  towering  mantels  and  house  fire- 
places at  each  end.  The  state  raised  between  $80,000  and  $100,000.  The  legis- 
lature was  late  in  acting,  but  the  energetic  and  enterprising  people  of  the  young 
state  made  full  amends  for  its  neglect.  South  Dakota  is  well  represented  in  the 
agricultural,  horticultural,  mineral  and  forestry  departments. 

TENNESSEE. — The  private  citizens  and  counties  of  the  state  of  Tennessee 
subscribed  liberally  toward  securing  an  adequate  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair, 
the  legislature  having  failed  to  pass  an  appropriation  bill.  The  funds  raised 
were  ample  to  provide  for  a  very  creditable  display,  and  the  state  is  represented 
in  nearly  every  department. 

TEXAS. — This  great  state  has  one  of  the  most  notable  buildings  of  the  group. 
The  structure  is  85  x  250  feet.  The  main  height  is  70  feet.  Constructed  entirely 
after  the  style  of  the  old  Spanish  missions,  it  is  a  good  example  of  Spanish 
renaissance  architecture.  The  structure  is  built  of  Texas  materials.  Texas 
took  unbounded  interest  in  the  Exposition  from  the  very  first.  The  city  of 
Galveston  alone  raised  over  $150,000.  There  were  over  $300,000  raised  by  con- 
tributions throughout  the  state.  Texas  is  represented,  and  represented  well,  in 
every  department. 

VERMONT. — One  hundred  of  the  substantial  citizens  of  Vermont  subscribed 
$100  each,  and  the  building,  costing  >io,ooo,  was  erected  without  drawing  upon 
the  state  treasury.  Vermont  is  represented  in  the  geological,  agricultural,  horti- 
cultural, mechanical  and  art  departments,  and  quite  fully  in  the  mineral  and 
forestry  departments.  A  $6,000  monument  of  Barre  granite  is  one  of  the  ex- 
hibits from  Vermont. 

VIRGINIA. — The  best  exhibits  of  the  Virginia  State  Fair  of  1892  are  offered 
the  visitor  at  the  Exposition  of  1893.  The  state  appropriated  about  $80,000, 
which  was  increased  by  private  subscriptions.  Virginia  makes  a  good  show- 
ing, but  one  hardly  commensurate  with  her  age  or  high  position  among  the 
states  of  the  Union. 

WASHINGTON. — Washington's  is  a  unique  state  building.  It  is  constructed 
almost  entirely  of  material  brought  from  the  state,  and  forms  an  illustration  of 
the  building  materials  and  industries  peculiar  to  that  young  but  vigorous  com- 
monwealth. The  building  is  220  x  140  feet.  The  exterior  is  of  timber  from 
Puget  Sound  region  and  all  the  lumber  entering  into  it  was  donated  by  the  state 
lumbermen's  association.  The  main  entrance  is  made  one  of  the  features  of  the 
building,  and  is  of  granite,  marble  and  ore  quarried  in  the  state.  In  addition 
to  what  was  contributed,  the  state  expended  $50,000  in  constructing  and  elabo- 
rating the  details  of  the  building.  It  is  surmounted  by  a  flagstaff  175  feet  high, 
and  there  are  four  towers  of  unique  design./^,  peculiar  incident  in  connection 
with  the  acceptance  of  the  design  for  this  building  was  that  the  one  which  at 
first  was  considered  third  in  merit  was  adopted,  and  the  architect  who  received 
the  first  prize  in  the  competition  was  relegated  to  the  rear.  The  state  spent 
$100,000  on  the  collection  of  an  exhibit,  and  contributes  largely  to  the  departments 
of  agriculture,  forestr}*,  mines,  fisheries,  education,  electricity,  live  stock,  fine 
arts,  woman's  work  and  transportation.  Her  displays  are  very  creditable. 


VIRGINIA. 


WASHINGTON. 


SOUTH    DAKOTA. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  281 


WEST  VIRGINIA. — West  Virginia  has  a  beautiful  little  building  which  cost 
about  #20,000.  The  state  contributes  very  extensively  to  the  departments  of 
mines  and  mining,  forestry,  agriculture,  floriculture,  horticulture,  manufactures 
and  liberal  arts,  and  machinery. 

WISCONSIN. — The  Wisconsin  state  building  is  a  handsome  structure.  It 
is  commodious,  and  the  interior  is  arranged  with  special  reference  to  the  pro- 
ducts of  this  wealth}-  state,  which  in  variety  and  character  make  the  exhibit 
one  of  the  most  attractive  and  interesting  to  be  seen  at  the  Fair.  It  is  two 
stories  high,  with  not  less  than  10,000  feet  of  floor  space  exclusive  of  porches. 
The  whole  structure  is  built  of  Wisconsin  material.  The  exterior  walls  are  of 
stone,  brick  and  terra  cotta,  and  the  roof  of  slate,  tile  or  iron  made  in  Wisconsin. 
The  interior  is  ornamented  and  furnished  with  plate,  beveled  and  mirror  glass, 
Wisconsin  pine  and  hardwood,  and  encaustic  tile.  The  cost  of  the  building  was 
#30,000.  Douglas  county  appropriated  $2,000  to  pay  for  a  stained-glass  window 
at  the  head  of  the  main  staircase.  Wisconsin  is  represented  in  every  depart- 
ment of  the  Exposition. 

WYOMING. — The  Wyoming  building  is  in  style  a  model  club  house.  The 
dimensions  are  70  feet  in  length  by  50  feet  in  width.  The  cost  of  the  building 
was  $20,000.  Wyoming  contributes  to  the  agricultural,  mines  and  mining  and 
other  departments  of  the  Exposition  displays,  which  show  her  to  have  made 
wonderful  advancement. 

THE  TERRITORIES. — The  territories  of  the  Union  are  well  represented.  Be- 
ginning with  far-away  Alaska,  each  and  every  one  of  them  makes  a  creditable 
exhibit.  The  government  takes  care  of  the  Alaskan  display,  which  is  a  novel 
and  interesting  one  in  many  particulars.  The  seal  industry  is  represented 
among  others.  Arizona  contributes  largely  to  the  mines  and  mining  depart- 
ments and  to  the  Indian  exhibit.  Ne-w  Mexico  raised  over  $75,000  and  in  con- 
sequence the  visitor  sees  a  great  many  attractions  from  this  wealth}-  territory, 
notably  in  the  mines  and  mining  department  and  Indian  exhibit.  Oklahoma, 
youngest  of  the  territories,  has  made  a  splendid  effort  to  bring  herself  properly 
before  the  world,  and  her  efforts  have  been  crowned  with  success.  Utah  ought 
not  properly  to  be  classed  among  the  other  territories,  so  much  is  she  in  advance 
of  them.  Her  building  is  a  "  Salt  Palace,"  and  her  exhibits  are  really  deserving 
of  a  first  place  among  those  of  the  great  agricultural  and  mining  states.  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. — The  display  made  by  the  district  in  which  is  located  the  seat 
of  government  includes  pictures  of  the  school  buildings,  views  of  the  streets 
and  avenues,  and  probably  a  fac-simile  in  miniature  of  the  city  and  its  public 
buildings.  There  is  to  be  also  a  collection  of  historical  relics. 

A  GROUP  OF  STATE  BUILDINGS. — The  four  states  of  Wisconsin,  Indiana, 
Michigan  and  Ohio,  are  grouped  together  on  a  triangular  plat  of  ground  near 
the  western  limit  of  Jackson  Park,  just  north  of  Fifty-ninth  street.  How  to 
arrange  these  four  state  buildings  so  that  each  wrould  have  a  commanding  view 
of  the  fine  art  galleries  and  the  pretty  little  lake  near  by  has  been  one  of  the 
problems  for  the  construction  department.  The  buildings  are  so  placed  that 
each  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  art  galleries,  the  picturesque  lake  and  the 
buildings  of  a  number  of  foreign  nations.  The  Indiana  building  cost  about 
$100,000,  of  which  amount  $70,000  was  to  be  donated  by  lumber  associations. 


THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  283 


The  Michigan  building  represents  an  outlay  of  $40,000,  most  of  which  was 
donated  from  private  sources.  The  Wisconsin  and  Ohio  buildings  cost  about 
$50,000  each,  and  as  in  the  case  of  Michigan  and  Indiana,  most  of  the  building 
material  was  donated. 

OTHER  BUILDINGS. — Notwithstanding  the  generous  provision  made  for 
space  by  the  management,  the  great  size  of  the  buildings  as  originally  planned, 
and  the  number  of  them,  exceeding  that  of  any  previous  exposition,  it  was 
found  in  the  spring  of  1892  that  others  must  be  erected  to  meet  the  demands  of 
exhibitors  and  the  public.  Some  changes  were  also  made  in  the  original 
designs,  more  especially  with  relation  to  The  Casino.  No  casino  is  to  be  seen 
as  originally  designed,  at  the  end  of  the  pier  1,000  feet  from  shore,  and  there  is 
no  curved  mole  bearing  columns  emblematical  of  the  thirteen  states.  In  placa 
of  the  latter  there  is  a  peristyle,  60  feet  wide  and  500  feet  long,  extending  north 
and  south  and  spanning  the  lagoon  entrance  by  a  grand  arch.  Ranged  along 
this  peristyle  are  emblematic  columns  representing  all  of  the  states  and  terri- 
tories At  the  north  end  of  the  peristyle  is  The  Music  Hall,  which  for  a  time  it 
was  thought  would  have  to  be  put  on  the  wooded  island.  It  measures  140  by 
200  feet,  and  has  an  auditorium  large  enough  to  seat  2,000  people,  with  an  orches- 
tra of  75  pieces  and  a  chorus  of  300  persons.  It  also  has  a  rehearsal  hall  50  by  80 
feet,  capable  of  seating  600  people.  This  music  hall  is  designed  to  be  used  by 
musical  talent  and  connoisseurs  of  the  art  rather  than  by  the  mass  of  the  people 
who  will  visit  Jackson  Park.  It  is  intended  that  here  shall  gather  the  fine 
singers  and  instrumentalists  who  may  wish  to  be  heard  and  criticized  by  the 
best  representatives  of  their  art  or  profession.  The  grand  choruses  and  band 
concerts — the  proper  musical  entertainments — will  be  held  in  an  amphitheatre 
accommodating  15,000  people  or  more.  This  is  located  in  the  extreme  Southern 
part  of  the  park,  and  after  the  close  of  the  projected  musical  programme  will 
be  transformed  into  a  live-stock  show  ring.  At  the  south  end  of  the  peristyle 
there  is  a  restaurant  and  cafe,  of  the  same  size  and  style  as  Music  Hall.  This 
is  constructed  to  supply  the  main  features  of  the  abandoned  Casino.  The  cost 
was  £206,000.  The  pier,  extending  1,000  feet  into  the  lake,  is  one  of  the  greatest 
features.  At  its  extremit}-,  in  place  of  the  Casino,  is  erected  a  Tower  250  feet 
high.  This  is  of  iron,  covered  with  staff,  and  resembles  a  lighthouse  in  appear- 
ance. From  its  summit  electrical  displays  of  exceeding  brillianc)'  are  made, 
and  by  means  of  electric  "search-lights,"  the  grounds,  or  any  particular  por- 
tion of  them,  can  be  flooded  with  light  on  fete  nights.  Department  Building. — 
The  building,  which  is  two  stories  high,  cost  $58,000.  Its  dimensions  in  feet 
are  165  by  310.  In  the  center  is  an  open  court,  and  about  this  court  are  located 
four  important  departments  of  the  Exposition  management.  The  northeast 
section  is  devoted  to  general  offices  for  the  Chief  of  Construction  and  his  assis- 
tants. The  southeast  quarter  furnishes  room  for  a  hospital.  In  this  hospital 
are  three  wards,  39x19  feet  each.  Two  wards  are  for  male  patients  and  one  for 
female  patients.  The  hospital  is  complete  in  all  appointment.  The  south  end 
of  the  building,  running  west  from  the  hospital,  is  devoted  to  the  fire  depart- 
ment. Here  are  located  steam  and  chemical  engines,  police  patrol-wagons, 
ambulances,  fire  and  police  alarm  offices,  stalls  for  horses,  etc.  Running  east 
and  west  through  the  center  of  the  building  is  a  driveway  eighteen  feet  wide. 


284      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


On  the  west  side  of  the  structure,  between  the  driveway  and  the  fire  department, 
is  stable  room  for  twenty  horses  and  a  number  of  carriages  and  other  vehicles. 
Across  the  driveway,  just  north,  are  police  headquarters.  Here  Col.  Wright 
will  assemble  his  Columbian  Guards.  Cells  for  lawbreakers  are  also  provided. 
The  northwest  section  of  the  building  is  devoted  to  a  large  restaurant,  The 
upper  story  is  largely  used  for  dormitories.  Convent  of  La  Rabida. — It  ma)-  be 
remembered  that  early  in  1492  Columbus,  while  traveling  on  foot  and  in  a  desti- 
tute condition,  applied  for  food  at  the  Franciscan  convent  of  La  Rabida  in  Spain, 
and  was  kindly  and  hospitably  received.  The  prior  of  the  institution,  Father 
De  Marchena,  was  a  man  not  only  of  education  and  culture,  but  of  large  influ- 
ence with  Queen  Isabella.  Columbus  explained  his  plans  for  the  discover}-  of 
the  new  continent  to  the  prior,  who  became  interested,  and  secured  for  him  a 
reception  at  the  court  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who  were  then  in  camp  with 
the  besieging  army  in  front  of  Grenada.  There  is  little  doubt  but  that  for  the 
timely  assistance  of  the  good  abbot  Columbus  would  have  completely  failed  in 
his  endeavors  to  secure  assistance  to  discover  the  new  world,  as  he  had  previ- 
ously failed  in  his  endeavors  to  obtain  aid  from  the  governments  of  Spain  and 
Portugal.  A  fac-simile  of  the  convent,  costing  $ 50,000,  is  among  the  structures 
on  the  grounds.  It  is  alluded  to  elsewhere.  Shoe  and  Leather  Building  and 
Mineral  Display  Building. — These  are  located  in  the  grand  central  court  of  the 
Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  building.  Their  dimensions  in  feet  are  325x425 
each,  and  their  cost  $100,000.  It  was  the  original  intention  to  leave  two  great 
open  courts  in  the  center  of  the  Manufactures  building,  each  about  400  by  500 
feet.  After  the  shoe  and  leather  industries  of  the  country  made  such  a  deter- 
mined fight  for  the  building,  and  agreed  to  raise  all  the  money  necessary  to  put 
it  up,  it  was  decided  that  the  two  buildings  named  could  be  erected  in  the  court 
which  it  was  originally  intended  to  decorate  with  flowers  and  fountains.  The 
buildings  are  one  story  high,  and  are  separated  from  the  walls  of  the  main 
building  by  streets  about  fifty  feet  wide.  Bridges. — The  bridges  over  the  lagoon 
and  canals  are  all  worthy  of  attention,  and  have  been  constructed  at  a  great  ex- 
penditure of  time,  labor  and  money.  The  cost  of  the  viaducts  and  bridges  was 
$125,000.  Lavatories,  Closets,  Etc. — The  lavatories,  closets,  etc.,  at  the  World's 
Fair  required  the  expenditure  of  between  $450,000  and  $500,000.  There  are  3,000 
closets,  2,000  urinals  and  1,500  lavatories.  The  contract  for  the  construction  and 
care  of  all  these  was  said  to  be  the  largest  contract  of  the  plumbing  description 
ever  let.  At  the  Centennial  and  the  Paris  Expositions  the  plumbing  and  sani- 
tary precautions  were  very  unsatisfactory.  It  was  the  determination  that  they 
should  be  as  perfect  as  possible  at  the  Chicago  Exposition.  Streets  in  Reproduc- 
tion, etc. — Many  streets,  villages,  etc.,  in  imitation  of  streets  and  villages  in 
foreign  towns  and  countries,  are  reproduced.  These  will  represent  portions  of 
North,  South,  and  Central  America,  streets  in  Cairo,  Egypt,  etc.,  all  of  which 
are  referred  to  elsewhere.  Towers. — The  decorations  of  the  towers  involves  a 
great  deal  of  attention  and  a  great  outlay.  The  towers,  it  is  seen,  are  not  bare 
shafts  of  iron,  but  their  exterior  framework  is  surrounded  with  an  additional 
structure  which  makes  them  appear  like  columns  of  masonry.  At  the  first 
landing  of  the  tower  on  the  pier,  200  feet  high,  will  be  a  big  clock  with  bells 
and  chimes.  At  the  second  landing,  250  feet  high,  is  an  electric  plant  and  an 


286      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLDS  FAIR. 


immense  searchlight  for  giving  panoramic  views  of  the  Exposition  grounds  and 
buildings.  Religious  Exhibits  Building. — The  Evangelical  Alliance  (at  this 
writing)  proposes  the  erection  of  a  great  building  for  religious  exhibits.  Band 
Stands. — Visitors  to  the  World's  Fair  will  find  on  every  hand  bands  of  music  for 
their  entertainment.  Fifteen  music-stands  are  provided  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  different  bands  anxious  to  visit  the  Exposition  and  make  music  for  the 
visitors.  Natatorium. — A  natatorium,  or  swimming  school,  will  be  found  directly 
west  of  the  location  assigned  to  the  Dutch  Settlement  on  Midway  Plaisance 
Its  dimensions  are  200  by  250,  and  cost  $60,000.  Bank. — The  Chemical  National 
Bank  has  established  a  branch  in  the  Administration  building  for  the  accom- 
modation of  visitors.  Additional  Buildings. — As  up  to  the  very  last  moment 
changes  were  made  in  the  general  arrangements  for  special  buildings,  it  is  im- 
possible to  enumerate  them  all  in  this  connection.  Two  handsome  structures, 
however,  in  addition  to  those  already  named,  will  be  found  by  the  visitor  in  all 
probability — one  for  the  accommodation  of  the  brick  tile  and  terra  cotta  manu- 
facturers, the  other  for  exhibits  of  heavy  machinery,  such  as  drop  hammers, 
forges,  etc. 

SPECIAL  ATTRACTIONS.— In  addition  to  the  many  other  useful 
and  attractive  features  of  the  exhibition,  the  following  will  be  found  of 
special  interest  to  the  visitor  : 

ARCHEOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY. — All  possible  phases  of  pre-historic  man 
in  America  and  the  life  of  the  aborigines  at  the  time  of  the  landing  of  Colum- 
bus are  illustrated  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  by  the  department  of 
Archaeology  and  Ethnology.  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  of  Harvard  University,  is 
the  chief  of  this  department  and  is  pronounced  the  most  competent  man  in 
America  for  the  position. 

GOVERNMENT  EXHIBIT. — The  Government  Exhibit  has  been  treated  in 
this  volume  in  connection  with  the  several  departments,  under  the  head  of 
"Fish  and  Fisheries,"  "Battle  Ship,"  "Naval  Exhibit,"  "Post  Office," 
"Indian  Exhibit,"  etc. 

INDIAN  EXHIBIT. — This  exhibit  is  partly  under  the  direction  of  the  United 
States'  Government,  and  partly  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Putnam,  chief  of 
the  Archaeological  and  Ethnological  department. 

NOVEL,  QUAINT  AND  CURIOUS  THINGS. — There  are  many  novel,  quaint 
and  curious  things  exhibited.  These  include  exhibits — sometimes  in  the 
department  buildings,  sometimes  in  the  state  and  foreign  buildings,  and  some- 
times in  the  special  exhibits  made  by  private  individuals,  firms  and  corpora- 
tions. The  following  comprise  the  most  conspicuous  of  these  exhibits,  and 
include  such  features  as  "A  Street  in  Cairo,"  "Bazaar  of  All  Nations," 
"  Esquimaux  Village, ''strange  things  from  foreign  lards,  antiquities,  etc.  Two 
anchors  that  Columbus  carried  in  his  ships  are  exhibited.  A  bell  790  years  old, 
from  Carthagena,  Columbia,  South  America,  is  on  exhibition.  Capt.  William 
A.  Andrews,  known  as  "the  Lone  Voyager,"  from  his  trips  in  his  wonder- 
ful little  boats,  Nautilus,  keel  fifteen  feet,  and  Dark  Secret,  keel  twelve  feet, 
makes  an  exhibit  in  the  Marine  department  of  the  World's  Fair.  The  Very 
Rev.  Doctor  Peralta,  Bishop  of  Panama,  tendered  for  exhibition  at  the  World's 


FLORIDA. 


IDAHO. 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


IOWA. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  289 


Fair  his  very  remarkable  historical  and  ethnological  collection,  which  has  been 
for  some  years  in  a  museum  connected  with  the  bishop's  palace. 

Australia  contributes  the  most  wonderful  astronomical  clock  that  has  ever 
be^n  exhibited.  It  was  constructed  in  New  South  Wales.  This  clock  is  in 
manj-  respects  similar  to  the  celebrated  time  piece  at  Strassburg,  showing 
numerous  figures  during  the  hour  and  performing  many  marvellous  mechanical 
feats.  The  case  is  forty  feet  high,  by  twenty-five  feet  square  and  is  made  of 
colonial  cedar.  Captive  Balloon  Ascensions  may  be  made  from  the  grounds  or 
from  grounds  in  the  vicinity  daily.  The  "  Bazaar  of  all  Nations  ''  is  established 
near  Midway  Plaisance.  Persons  having  a  concession  to  sell  goods  in  the 
bazaar  were  allotted  space  in  which  to  erect  buildings  suitable  for  the  purpose. 
These  buildings  were  expected  to  be  erected  in  the  style  of  architecture  that 
prevails  in  the  country  in  which  the  articles  are  produced. 

H.  W.  Young,  of  Augusta,  111.,  sends  a  Bible  printed  in  1615,  the  ownership 
of  which  in  this  country  he  has  traced  back  to  1660.  Some  novelties  may  be 
seen  around  the  California  and  other  buildings.  The  Monterey  C3'press,  a  yel- 
low fir  tree  in  feet  high,  a  California  "  Big  Tree,"  and  others,  are  visible  out- 
side the  forestry  exhibit.  A  continuous  clam-bake  is  one  of  the  attractions 
which  epicurean  visitors  will  find  at  the  Exposition.  One  of  the  two  old  sunken 
vessels  in  Lake  George  is  on  exhibition  as  a  relic.  Van  Houten  &  Zoon,  the 
manufacturers  of  cocoa  at  Weesp,  Holland,  set  apart  $100,000  with  which  to 
make  an  exhibit.  The  Hercules  Iron  Company  was  granted  the  privilege  of 
constructing  and  operating  a  cold  storage  warehouse  on  the  Exposition  grounds. 
It  has  a  capacity  of  600,000  cubic  feet,  and  cost  $150,000. 

The  congregation  of  the  little  colored  church  at  Haleyville,  in  Cumberland 
County,  N.  J.,  contributes  an  interesting  historical  relic.  It  is  the  bell  that  has 
for  years  called  them  to  church.  In  the  year  1445  the  bell,  it  is  said,  hung  in 
one  of  the  towers  of  the  famous  mosque  at  the  Alhambra.  After  the  siege  of 
Granada  the  bell  was  taken  away  by  the  Spanish  soldiers  and  presented  to 
Queen  Isabella,  who  in  turn  presented  it  to  Columbus,  who  brought  it  to 
America  on  his  fourth  voyage  and  presented  it  to  a  community  of  Spanish 
monks  who  placed  it  in  the  Cathedral  of  Carthagena,  on  the  island  of  New 
Granada.  In  1697  buccaneers  looted  Carthagena  and  carried  the  bell  on  board 
the  French  pirate  ship,  La  Rochelle,  but  the  ship  was  wrecked  on  the  island  of 
St.  Andreas  shortly  afterward  and  the  wreckers  secured  the  bell  as  part  of  their 
salvage.  Captain  Newell,  of  Bridgeton,  purchased  it,  brought  it  to  this  coun- 
try, and  presented  it  to  the  colored  congregation  of  the  Haleyville  church.  The 
bell  weighs  sixty-four  pounds  and  is  of  fine  metal. 

Rudolph  Cronau,  the  eminent  author  and  scientist  of  Leipsic,  Germany, 
has  contributed  his  extensive  collection  of  paintings,  sketches  and  photographs, 
representing  scenes  in  the  life  of  Columbus,  and  places  visited  by  Columbus 
during  his  voyages  to  the  new  world. 

W.  L.  Libby  &  Son  Company,  of  Toledo,  Ohio,  were  granted  a  concession 
for  the  operation  of  a  big  cut-glass  factory.  The  Company  invested  between 
$50,000  and  $75,000  on  its  plant,  which  is  located  at  59th  street,  in  the  Midway 
Plaisance,  on  a  plat  of  land  150  by  250  feet.  One  of  the  events  of  the  Exposition 
will  be  a  Cyclist's  parade,  in  which  many  of  the  24,000  members  of  the  League 
19 


M 

£ 
C 


1HE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  291 


of  American  Wheelmen  will  take  part.  The  date  will  be  announced  in  due 
season.  Among  the  transportation  exhibits  are  coaches  used  in  the  early  days 
of  railroading,  formed  after  the  style  of  stage  coaches,  and  many  other  curiosi- 
ties, sent  by  the  Old  Colony  railroad  company.  An  East  Indian  village  and 
exhibit  occupies  200,000  square  feet  of  space  on  Midway  Plaisance.  It  is  con- 
ducted by  the  East  Indian  Exhibit  Co.  A  reproduction  of  the  famous  Eddy- 
stone  Lighthouse  may  be  found  by  the  visitor  on  the  lake  shore,  used  as  an  ex- 
hibit and  a  beacon  light.  John  W.  Stiles  &  Co.,  of  Spokane,  Wash.,  was 
granted  a  concession  for  the  reproduction  of  an  Esquimaux  village  on  the  Expo- 
sition grounds.  M.  O.  Jaensch,  of  WTahoo,  Neb.,  sends  a  valuable  collection  of 
arms.  The  collection  includes  100  pieces,  including  swords,  pistols,  guns,  etc. 

Not  the  least  interesting  feature  of  the  government  exhibit  at  the  Fair  is 
the  fast  flight  of  carrier  pigeons.  Captain  R.  E.  Thompson,  of  the  signal  ser- 
vice, has  this  feature  of  the  display  in  charge,  and  at  frequent  intervals  he  will 
liberate  birds  for  flights  to  within  200  miles  of  Chicago.  George  W.  Childs,  the 
Philadelphia  philanthropist,  has  taken  a  great  interest  in  this  feature  of  the 
government  display,  and  offers  a  prize  valued  at  $100,  which  will  be  on  exhibi- 
tion at  the  Fair,  to  the  owner  of  the  bird  making  the  greatest  distance  in  one 
day.  The  first  cotton  gin  made  by  Eli  Whitney  is  exhibited  by  the  New  Orleans 
Machinery  Company,  which  also  makes  an  extensive  exhibit  of  cotton  gins, 
sugar  mills  and  other  machinery.  Dr.  West,  a  collector  of  curios  at  Antigonish, 
Nova  Scotia,  is  entitled  to  the  credit  of  having  shipped  to  the  Columbian  Expo- 
sition the  first  exhibit  from  a  foreign  country.  It  consists  of  useful  and  orna- 
mental articles  purchased  from  the  Antigonish  Mountain  Indians.  The  first 
locomotive  ever  used  is  exhibited  in  the  Transportation  Department.  Other 
curiosities  connected  with  the  early  days  of  steam  transportation  are  also  to  be 
found  there.  The  first  map  of  the  worjd  ever  made  is  exhibited.  Pope  Leo 
consented  to  its  loan  from  the  Vatican  library.  It  is  known  as  the  Diege  Ribere 
map,  and  was  begun  in  1494  and  finished  in  1529. 

W.  A.  Alexander  and  Louis  Gelder,  representing  the  insurance  associations 
of  Chicago,  were  granted  space,  50  by  100  feet,  to  construct  a  building  to  con- 
stitute an  exhibit  of  the  most  improved  methods  of  fireproof  construction  and 
the  appliances  used  in  saving  goods  from  burning  buildings.  The  building  may 
be  occupied  by  a  salvage  corps  during  the  Fair.  The  Western  Union  Telegraph 
Company  exhibit,  handsomely  framed,  the  first  telegraph  message  ever  sent, 
which  was  in  May,  1844.  The  message  was  received  by  Prof.  Morse  at  the 
Capitol  in  Washington,  from  an  assistant  in  Annapolis.  It  is  seen  in  the  Elec- 
tricity Department.  One  of  the  exhibits  that  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  road  makes 
in  the  Electricity  Building  is  a  model  of  the  first  telegraph  wire  strung  along 
that  line  by  Morse.  The  line  was  nine  miles  long,  and  extended  from  Baltimore 
to  Relay  Station.  The  line  was  laid  in  a  lead  pipe. 

An  eagle  measuring  almost  20  feet  between  wing  tips  perches  above  the 
main  entrance  of  the  Manufacturers'  Building.  The  old  gunboat  "Niagara," 
which  was  sunk  in  Massasauga  Bay,  Erie  Harbor,  in  1812,  is  exhibited.  The 
Manufacturers'  Club,  of  Philadelphia,  has  a  building  constructed  entirely  of 
material  made  by  members  of  the  club,  as  headquarters  for  manufacturers.  A 
building  in  the  form  of  an  iceberg  in  which  to  make  a  polar  exhibit  is  projected. 


292      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE   TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


One  of  the  novelties  of  the  Fair  is  a  building  200  feet  square  used  as  a  skating- 
rink.  This  rink  is  to  be  supplied  with  a  i6-inch  layer  of  ice  summer  and  winter 
by  artificial  means.  A  Government  Life  Saving  Station  is  on  exhibition.  A 
magnificent  microscope  was  made  by  the  Munich  Poeller  Physical  and  Optical 
Institute  for  the  Chicago  Exposition,  at  a  cost  of  #8,750.  It  possesses  a  magni- 
fying power  of  ii.ooo  diameters.  John  McAdams  &  Co.,  of  Brooklyn,  exhibit 
on  Lake  Michigan  a  device  to  prevent  boats  from  coming  in  collision.  It  is  a 
marine  brake,  powerful  enough  to  stop  boats  running  at  a  high  rate  of  speed. 
A  genius  at  Muhlenberg,  Pa., completed  a  marvellous  clock  for  exhibition  at  the 
Fair.  Around  the  dial  is  a  railway  track,  on  which  a  miniature  locomotive 
makes  the  round  every  five  minutes.  It  requires  a  magnifying  glass  to  see  the 
delicate  machinery. 

Sir  Walker  Bullard  contributes  the  finest  collection  of  native  Maori  curiosi- 
ties and  paintings  in  the  world.  Maj.  John  Wilson,  of  Auckland,  has  brought 
a  colony  of  Maoris  to  the  Exposition.  The  United  States  Consul  to  Merida, 
Yucatan,  sent  to  the  Exposition  a  Maya  house,  with  its  native  inmates  and  their 
belongings,  and  a  Majra  potter  who  makes  native  vessels  in  public.  Meteoric 
stones  of  various  sizes  are  exhibited.  One  of  the  finest  specimens  was  sent 
from  Marengo,  111.  Charles  P.  Southard,  of  New  Jersey,  has  erected  a  model 
home,  valued  at  $2,060,  built  through  the  medium  of  a  co-operative  building  loan 
association.  Models  of  all  the  warships  of  the  United  States  Navy  are  shown 
in  the  battle-ship  Illinois,  in  which  is  made  the  naval  exhibit  of  the  government 
at  the  World's  Fair.  A  concession  was  granted  to  M.  Stepanni  to  erect  the 
Moorish  Palace.  One  of  the  many  attractions  which  are  exhibited  in  this  palace 
is  $1,000,000  in  gold  coin  in  one  pile.  A  space  200  by  250  is  used  for  the  palace, 
which  cost  $400,000.  There  is  a  560,000  natatorium  in  operation  on  the  Expo- 
sition grounds.  It  includes  bath-rooms,  a  swimming  pool,  a  cafe,  and  a  stand 
for  the  sale  of  cigars  and  flowers.  This  concession  was  granted  to  L.  J.  Kadish 
of  Chicago. 

The  most  gruesome  exhibit  at  the  Exposition  is  that  made  by  the  National 
Prison  Association.  The  exhibit  is  a  comprehensive  expose  of  the  devices  and 
methods  emplo3'ed  for  inflicting  punishment  from  the  beginning  of  history  to 
the  present  time,  and  shows  the  progress  which  humanity  has  made  in  the 
quality  of  merc}r.  A  special  building  is  used  for  the  exhibit,  and  in  it  is 
arranged  cells  of  every  description,  man}*  of  them  reproductions  of  places  which 
have  detained  persons  famous  in  history.  Mr.  Sell,  the  London  advertising 
agent,  exhibits  specimens  of  all  the  leading  newspapers  of  the  world  which 
have  been  printed  during  the  last  two  centuries.  The  Clayden  model  of  the 
ocean  currents  is  exhibited  by  the  Navy  department.  This  is  a  kind  of  huge 
scientific  tank  show.  Mrs.  Lou  Barnes,  of  Yicksburg,  granddaughter  of  the 
late  Col.  J.  W.  Nailor,  sends  the  samples  of  cotton  which  her  grandfather  ex- 
hibited at  the  World's  Fair  in  London  in  1851,  and  at  the  New  York  Crystal 
Palace  in  1853,  with  the  medals  awarded  him  at  each.  The  cotton  is  still  well 
preserved.  A  panorama  of  the  Volcano  Killean,  of  Hawaii,  is  exhibited  on  the 
ground.  The  original  volcano  has  a  crater  one-half  mile  in  diameter,  in  which 
there  is  constant  volcanic  action.  The  exhibit  is  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Hawaiian  Government. 


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294      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AXD  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


A  full-sized  model  of  the  Parthenon  of  Athens  is  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing of  the  Exposition  buildings.  It  contains  the  World's  Fair  in  miniature.  A 
company  embracing  several  very  wealthy  men  will  operate  a  permanent  circus 
after  the  style  of  the  Hippodrome  in  Paris.  A  building,  with  seating  capacity 
of  5,000,  and  having  a  garden  on  the  roof,  has  been  erected,  and  the  attraction 
will  be  in  operation  to  entertain  World's  Fair  crowds.  Among  the  wonderful 
things  to  be  seen  is  a  petrified  log  from  Oregon.  This  is  probably  the  largest 
petrifaction  ever  exhibited. 

A  business  house  in  Chicago  has  established  a  physicians'  bureau  of  service 
and  information,  which  it  proposes  to  make  of  great  value  to  the  medical 
profession  who  may  visit  the  Exposition.  A  tribe  of  African  Pigmies  may  be 
seen  by  the  visitor  at  the  midway  plaisance.  A  chronometer,  supposed  to  have 
been  the  property  of  one  of  Pizarro's  men,  recently  found  in  Ecuador,  is 
exhibited.  A  perfect  reproduction  of  a  street  in  Pompeii,  the  pavement  of 
which  is  made  of  lava  from  Vesuvius,  showing  several  houses  as  the}-  appeared 
before  the  eruption  which  destroyed  the  place,  together  with  relics,  etc.,  is 
among  the  attractions.  The  visitor  to  the  Exposition  will  have  an  opportunity 
of  learning  among  other  things,  just  how  a  first-rate  post-ofiice  is  managed.  A 
working  model  of  such  an  office  is  a  part  of  the  U.  S.  Government  exhibit.  It 
is  a  branch  of  the  central  Chicago  Post-office  so  far  as  mails  are  concerned,  but 
entirely  independent  in  its  exhibition  features.  It  handles  all  mails  of  officials, 
exhibitors,  and  others  to  and  from  the  Exposition  grounds,  and  has  a  special 
delivery  service  of  its  own. 

In  the  model  post-office  building  heretofore  referred  to  is  located  the 
G9vernment  postal  museum.  Among  this  collection  are  the  most  interesting 
foreign  exhibits.  The  building  erected  on  the  grounds  by  the  publishers  of 
Puck  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  attractions  of  the  Fair.  It  shows  fully 
ever}-  detail  of  the  process  of  editing  and  publishing  a  humorous  paper.  A 
miniature  model  of  the  town  of  Pullman,  30x80  feet,  is  a  part  of  the  exhibit 
made  by  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company.  The  State  of  Ohio  sends  a  number 
of  valuable  and  interesting  relics  of  the  Mound  Builders.  These  are  from  100 
mounds  in  Ohio  and  are  20,000  in  number.  Saginaw,  Mich.,  has  a  miniature 
reproduction  of  a  Salt  plant. 

The  cottage  in  which  George  Fox,  the  founder  of  the  Society  of  Friends  or 
Quakers,  was  born,  in  Leicestershire,  England,  was  brought  over  and  appears  on 
the  Fair  Grounds.  A  cast-iron  slack  trough  which  was  captured  by  General 
Sam  Houston  from  Santa  Anna,  at  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  has  been  sent  from 
Texas.  The  old  locomotive  "  Sansom,"  built  in  England  in  "the  thirties  "  by 
the  celebrated  Timothy  Hackworth  and  brought  to  this  country  in  1838,  is 
shown  in  the  Transportation  Building. 

When  Columbus  was  made  a  prisoner  in  San  Domingo,  the  governor  who 
arrested  him  feared  there  might  be  an  attempt  at  rescue.  So  he  trained  a  big 
gun  on  the  entrance  of  the  citadel,  or  castle,  in  which  Columbus  was  confined. 
That  cannon  laid  in  the  same  place  until  Mr.  Ober,  a  World's  Fair  representa- 
tive, recovered  it,  and  with  the  permission  of  the  Governor  of  San  Domingo, 
brought  it  to  the  United  States.  It  is  on  exhibition. 

A  very  novel  feature  of  the  Historical  Exhibit  at  the  Exposition  is  a  fac- 


MINNESOTA. 


NEW  YORK 


NORTH   DAKOTA. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  297 


simile  reproduction  of  the  little  ship  "  Santa  Maria,"  in  which  Columbus  sailed. 
It  is  proposed  that  the  vessel  will  be  taken  to  Washington  after  the  Exposition 
and  there  anchored  in  the  park  south  of  the  White  House.  Shakspeare's  historic 
home  at  Stratford-on-Avon  is  also  reproduced  here  and  is  located  on  the  space 
set  apart  for  the  British  Government  exhibit. 

No  side  shows  are  permitted  within  the  Exposition  grounds.  The  Directory 
decided  that  the  entrance  fee  shall  entitle  the  visitor  to  see  everything  within 
the  inclosure.  There  are,  however,  several  theatres  built  and  kept  running,  at 
which  the  finest  talent  in  the  world  appears,  and  visitors  who  choose  to  attend 
the  performances  have  to  pay  an  admission  fee.  Such  sights  as  "A  Street  in 
Cairo ' '  is  free,  but  natives  of  oriental  countries  in  a  few  cases  are  allowed  to 
charge  a  small  fee  to  special  performances  of  a  theatrical  nature. 

A  silversmith  of  Monterey,  Mexico,  sends  a  piece  of  silver  which  is  an 
exact  reproduction  of  the  Agricultural  building.  It  is  eight  feet  wide,  contains 
a  quantity  of  silver  valued  as  bullion  at  $10,000,  and  is  valued  at  $20,000.  A 
$10,000  model  of  a  stamp  mill  for  reducing  copper,  the  property  of  the  State 
Museum  of  Michigan,  is  shown  at  the  Fair.  This  model  was  made  and  pre- 
sented by  the  Calumet  and  Hecla  Copper  Company. 

Some  magnificent  statues  adorn  the  grounds.  Notable  among  these  is  the 
statue  of  Franklin,  at  the  main  entrance  to  the  Electricity  building  ;  the  statue 
of  Columbus,  belonging  to  the  city  of  Baltimore  ;  and  the  statue  of  Columbus, 
by  St.  Gaudens,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Administration  building.  A  colossal 
statue  of  the  Republic  rises  from  the  basin  in  front  of  the  Administration  build- 
ing. This  is  by  Daniel  C.  French,  of  New  York. 

An  immense  wooden  box,  bound  in  iron,  was  recently  found  at  Helsinfors, 
in  Finland,  by  workmen  engaged  in  excavating  in  the  cellar  of  an  old  house. 
Upon  opening  the  box  the  men  found  that  it  contained  a  large  parchment  and  a 
quantity  of  pieces  of  iron  of  odd  shapes.  Being  unable  to  make  out  the  con- 
tents of  the  parchment,  they  carried  it  to  Mr.  Rizeff,  the  nearest  magistrate,  who 
found  that  it  was  written  by  Father  Suger,  one  time  minister  to  Louis  VII.,  of 
France.  It  was  an  elaborately  written  treatise  upon  the  use  of  steam  as  a  mo- 
tive power,  and  further  examination  revealed  that  the  bits  of  iron  were  numbered 
parts  of  a  rudimental  but  complete  steam  engine.  The  pioneer  steam  engine 
has  been  put  together,  and  is  exhibited. 

The  concession  for  the  reproduction  of  "  A  Street  in  Cairo,"  was  granted  to 
George  Panyolo,  of  Egypt.  The  space  occupied  is  600  by  300  feet.  The  location 
is  the  Midway  Plaisance.  The  exhibition  is  open  to  visitors,  free  of  cost,  except 
upon  occasions  of  a  special  street  spectacle,  as,  for  example,  during  the  passing 
of  the  wedding  procession,  which  will  form  one  of  the  features  of  the  display. 

One  of  the  most  novel  buildings  at  the  Paris  Exposition  was  the  tea  house 
erected  by  the  Palais  Indian  Tea  House  Company,  of  London.  This  same  con- 
cern has  constructed  on  the  Exposition  grounds  a  series  of  tea  houses  which  are 
finer  than  anything  seen  at  Paris. 

The  leading  theatrical  managers  of  the  country  will  probably  erect  a  build- 
ing in  which  theatrical  and  musical  entertainments  may  be  given  during  the 
progress  of  the  Fair.  An  exact  reproduction  of  the  Tower  of  London,  costing 
$250,000,  will  probably  be  one  of  the  attractions  of  the  Fair.  The  North  Ameri- 


298 


ASHLAND    BLOCK. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  299 


can  Turner  Bund  displays  gymnastic  apparatus,  literature  on  the  subject  of 
physical  exercises  and  development,  and  representations  of  gymnastic  organi- 
zations. Eight  days  during  each  month  of  the  Exposition  the  Turners  give 
gymnastic  exhibitions.  The  Washington  Park  Club  perfected  arrangements  for 
a  most  notable  race  meeting  during  the  Fair.  The  stakes  in  the  American 
Derby  are  $50,000  ;  in  the  "Queen  Isabella"  one  mile  for  three-year-old  fillies, 
£25,000  :  in  the  "Columbus  Handicap  "  for  three-year-olds  upwards,  $25,000  ;  in 
a  race  for  two-year-olds,  $25,000  ;  and  large  stakes  are  provided  for  a  number  of 
other  races.  The  racing  track  is  close  by  the  World's  Fair  grounds. 

Waukesha  mineral  water  is  furnished  to  consumers  on  the  Exposition 
grounds  at  one  cent  per  glass.  Space  of  8,000  square  feet  was  granted  the  White 
Star  Steamship  Co.,  for  an  exhibition  of  models  of  the  "  Greyhounds  "  of  its 
line.  Similar  exhibits  are  made  by  other  ocean  steamship  lines.  A  Wild  West 
Show  will  be  given  near  the  Exposition  grounds  daily,  but  it  will  have  no  con- 
nection with  the  Exposition.  The  location  of  the  show  is  south  of  the  Exposi- 
tion grounds.  One  million  signatures  of  people  directly  or  indirectly  connected 
with  the  Exposition  are  being  collected  by  the  World's  Fair  Mammoth  Auto- 
graph Album  Co.  Copies  of  these  collections  of  autographs  will  be  bound  in 
three  volumes  of  2,500  pages  each,  to  be  presented,  respectively,  to  the  President 
of  the  United  States  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  to  the  Governor  of  Illinois 
for  the  State  Library,  and  to  the  Mayor  of  Chicago  for  the  City  Public  Library. 
The  names  will  be  collected  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

FOBEIGX  EXHIBITS.— The  civilized  world,  sections  of  the  semi- 
civilized  and  many  portions  of  the  uncivilized,  are  represented  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition.  The  Chicago  World's  Fair  of  1893  has 
a  stronger  claim  upon  the  term  Universal  than  an}'  of  its  predecessors. 
For  the  first  time  in  history  the  great  nations  of  Europe  are  able  to  exhibit 
their  progress  in  science,  art,  and  industry,  on  what  maybe  justly  termed 
neutral  ground.  The  political  and  social  rivalry  which  has  ever  been  a 
menace  to  different  nations  in  international  expositions  heretofore,  finds 
no  place  here.  While  the  United  States  comes  into  competition  with  all 
nations,  in  every  department  of  human  activity,  the  narrow  environments 
and  prejudices  which  exist  abroad  are  unknown  here,  and  every  nation  is 
certain  to  be  treated  fairly,  impartially  and  justly,  not  only  in  the  allot- 
ment of  position  and  space,  but  in  the  distribution  of  honors.  The  foreign 
department  of  the  Exposition,  from  the  beginning,  has  been  intelligently 
and  wisely  managed.  The  sending  of  a  commission  into  the  countries  of 
Europe  in  1891  was  the  most  politic  and  judicious  step  that  could  have 
been  taken.  The  effect  of  their  mission  was  felt  almost  immediately. 
Europe  was  awakened  to  a  sense  of  the  importance  and  magnitude  of  the 
World's  Fair,  and  upon  the  return  of  the  commission  two  of  the  greatest 
empires  on  earth — England  and  Germany — sent  representatives  to  inquire ' 
further  into  the  status  of  the  enterprise  and  to  report  to  their  respective 
governments  the  result.  The  reports  of  Sir  Henry  Wood  and  James 


300      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   ll'ORLD'S  FAIR. 


Dredge,  on  the  part  of  England,  and  of  Herr  Wermuth,  on  the  part  of 
Germany,  as  well  as  the  active  interest  these  envoys  have  since  taken  in  the 
success  of  the  Exposition,  are  fresh  in  the  minds  of  the  public.  Xot  only 
has  their  friendship  and  enthusiasm  interested  the  exhibitors  of  the  two 
empires  named,  but  they  have  stimulated  every  European  nation,  many  of 
which,  for  a  time,  at  least,  were  inclined  to  be  apathetic.  The  visit  of  the 
ambassadors  of  foreign  nations  accredited  to  Washington  in  1891  also  served 
to  enlighten  the  Old  World  as  to  the  magnitude  of  the  preparations  being 
made  here.  Later  on,  the  sending  of  additional  commissioners — notably 
the  departure  of  Mr.  H.  N.  Higginbotham  and  T.  B.  Bryan  for  southern 
Europe — served  to  renew  the  interest  of  foreign  nations  in  the  World's 
Fair. 

The  organization  of  a  Latin-American  Commission  likewise  resulted 
in  bringing  the  Spanish-American  republics  into  line,  and  the  exhibits 
made  by  our  neighbors  on  this  continent  demonstrate  how  well  the  bureau 
having  this  department  in  charge  has  been  conducted  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Curtis. 
Finally  the  appointment  of  Walker  Fearn  as  chief  of  the  foreign  exhibits 
department  gave  an  impulse  to  this  branch  of  the  executive  service  of 
the  Exposition,  the  favorable  effects  of  which  have  continued  to  be  felt 
up  to  the  present  time.  The  passage  of  the  McKinley  bill  by  Congress 
for  a  time  had"  a  depressing  effect  upon  the  prospects  of  the  Exposition. 
Foreign  manufacturers  were  inclined  to  hold  aloof,  in  the  hope,  perhaps, 
that  by  so  doing  the  government  might  be  influenced  in  the  direction  of 
more  liberal  customs  laws  ;  but  as  our  system  of  government  can  not 
be  thus  influenced,  and  as  foreign  governments  and  foreign  manufacturers 
began  to  realize  that  outside  pressure  of  this  kind  would  probably  have 
an  effect  quite  contrary  to  that  which  was  desired,  they  gradually  accepted 
.  the  situation  and  set  about  making  the  best  of  it. 

It  has  been  decided  that  agents  in  this  country  of  articles  manufac- 
tured in  foreign  countries  cannot  have  the  same  entered  for  exhibition  as 
American  products.  Although  the  capital  of  residents  of  the  United 
States  may  be  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  such  goods,  the  exhibits 
will  have  to  be  entered  as  foreign  ones  and  space  be  assigned  for  them 
by  the  World's  Fairx Commission  of  the  country  in  which  the  articles  are 
produced. 

The  following  are  the  nations  and  colonies  represented  at  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition,  with  all  information  concerning  their  respective 
exhibits  in  possession  of  the  Exposition  management : 

ALGIERS. — The  Governor  of  Algiers  has  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  Expo- 
sition. It  was  the  wish  of  exhibitors  in  that  colony  to  have  a  distinct  sub-sec- 
tion of  the  French  exhibit.  The  Algiers  display  is  novel  and  brilliant.  It  may 
be  seen  in  the  French  section. 


FIRST   NATIONAL    BANK. 


301 


302      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC.— The  President  of  the  Argentine  Republic  appointed 
a  World  s  Fair  Commission  early  in  1891,  and  no  time  was  lost  in  collecting 
and  forwarding  exhibits.  The  sum  of  $100,000  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
commission  and  visitors  can  readily  see  how  judiciously  this  sum  was  expended. 
The  Argentine  display  is  a  handsome  one. 

AUSTRALIA. — Australia  is  one  of  the  most  important  exhibitors  at  the 
World's  Fair.  Not  less  than  1,000,000  feet  of  space  were  demanded  by  her 
exhibitors,  and  this  was  placed  at  their  disposal.  New  South  Wales  took  a 
lively  interest  in  the  Exposition  from  the  first,  as  did  New  Zealand  and  Queen- 
land.  The  merchants  and  manufacturers  of  Sydney  and  Melbourne  were 
enthusiastic,  and  the  public  of  Australia  in  general  determined  upon  making  a 
display  which  should  attract  the  attention  of  the  world  to  the  progress  thf 
great  island  is  making. 

AUSTRIA. — The  Austro- Hungarian  Empire  was  a  little  late  in  responding 
to  the  President's  invitation,  but  finally  decided  to  participate,  although  not  offi- 
cially. The  premier  notified  the  U.  S.  minister  that  the  Empire  would  give  its 
utmost  support  to  anything  that  private  parties  might  do  toward  making  an 
exhibit.  Private  interests  at  once  took  up  the  matter,  and  the  exhibits  from 
Austria  and  Hungary  in  the  several  departments  of  the  Exposition  are  fully  up 
to  the  standard  established  by  the  great  powers  of  Europe.  As  a  strong 
evidence  of  her  friendship,  Austria  postponed  the  International  Art  Jubilee, 
which  was  to  occur  in  1893,  until  1894,  so  that  it  should  not  interfere  with  the 
World's  Fair. 

BELGIUM. — Belgium  from  the  first  displayed  the  greatest  interest  in  the 
World's  Fair,  and  determined  upon  taking  an  active  and  conspicuous  part 
in  the  Exposition.  She  made  a  grant  of  600,000  francs,  and  has  sent  an  art 
exhibit  much  more  extensive  than  that  displayed  at  the  last  Paris  Exposition. 
Belgium  is  represented  in  all  the  leading  departments.  A  supplementary  grant 
of  300,000  francs  was  made  to  aid  the  private  exhibitors. 

BOLIVIA. — Bolivia  has  an  excellent  exhibit.  It  is  among  the  best  from  the 
Latin-American  Republics.  Bolivia's  appropriation  for  the  Fair  was  $150,000. 

BRAZIL. — The  government  of  Brazil  makes  a  magnificent  display.  The 
cost  of  the  exhibit  was  over  half  a  million  dollars.  The  Brazil  building  is  in 
itself  a  leading  attraction.  In  addition  to  the  1550,000  appropriated  by  the 
Federal  government  of  Brazil,  $250,000  were  appropriated  by  the  different  states 
of  the  Republic.  Brazil's  exhibits  will  be  found  in  the  art,  agricultural,  forestry, 
horticultural,  floricultural  and  other  departments,  and  always  occupying  a  con- 
spicuous and  creditable  position. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA. — British  Columbia  is  represented  by  a  building  which 
is  a  novelty  in  architecture,  composed  of  every  variety  of  wood  known  to  the 
British  Columbia  forests.  British  Columbia  is  represented  in  nearly  all  of  the 
principal  departments. 

BRITISH  GUIANA. — British  Guiana  appropriated  $20,000  for  an  exhibit  and 
appointed  a  commission  to  collect  and  display  the  same.  A  space  of  60x30  feet 
is  allotted  to  the  exhibit  from  this  colony,  close  to  the  exhibit  and  building  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada.  The  location  was  chosen  by  British  Guiana  so  as  to 
afford  an  opportunity  for  contrasting  its  exhibits  with  those  of  other  British 


WYOMING 


COLORADO. 


LOUISIANA. 


INDIANA. 


TEXAS. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  305 


American  colonies.  A  local  exhibition  of  the  resources  of  British  Guiana  was 
held  previous  to  the  shipment  of  the  exhibits  to  this  country,  so  that  the 
choicest  might  be  selected. 

BRITISH  HONDURAS. — This  colony  makes  an  excellent  exhibit,  consisting 
principally  of  woods,  plants,  fruits,  tropical  flowers,  native  minerals,  etc. 

BRITISH  WEST  INDIA.— The  display  made  by  British  India  in  various 
departments  and  sections  is  an  interesting  one.  Exhibits  from  Burmah  are 
particularly  attractive.  The  commissioner  for  British  West  Indies  was  granted 
25,000  square  feet  of  space.  Much  of  the  exhibit  from  these  colonies  consist  of 
tropical  plants,  etc.,  which  are  to  be  seen  in  the  horticultural  department. 

BULGARIA. — Bulgaria  has  a  surprisingly  fine  art  and  industrial  display. 
The  kingdom  is  represented  worthily  for  the  first  time  at  an  International 
Exposition. 

CANADA. — Canada  early  in  1892  asked  for  96,000  square  feet  of  space,  but 
this  did  not  represent  the  total  space  desired.  In  the  fine  arts  and  fisheries 
annexes  additional  room  was  necessary.  Canada  was  granted  in  all  about 
100,000  square  feet. 

CEYLON. — Ce\-lon  has  a  special  building  on  the  grounds.  Among  the 
attractions  of  its  display  is  a  large  tea  house. 

CHILE. — The  position  of  Chile  as  to  its  participation  in  -the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  long  remained  in  doubt.  The  impoverished  condition  of  the 
country,  and  the  stagnation  of  its  trade  due  to  the  recent  revolution,  compelled 
the  government  to  abandon  its  original  design  of  appropriating  $100,000  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  an  exhibit,  but  it  is  believed  she  will  be  creditably 
represented. 

CHINA. — Owing  to  certain  diplomatic  troubles  between  the  United  States 
and  China,  caused  by  the  exclusion  of  Chinese  immigrants,  it  was  doubted  for 
some  time  whether  China  would  participate  in  any  way  in  the  Exposition.  But 
the  government  of  the  Empire,  while  giving  no  official  countenance  to  the 
Exposition,  it  was  understood,  would  assist  private  exhibitors  substantially. 
Later  on  it  was  announced  that  China  would  subscribe  $200,000  and  $50,000  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  a  private  exhibit.  The  Chinese  government  authorized 
Tao  Tai,  the  representative  of  the  custom  service  at  Shanghai,  to  remove  all 
export  duties  on  exhibits  intended  for  the  World's  Fair.  Later  still  the  Chi- 
nese government  announced  through  its  minister  at  Washington  that  its  Em- 
bassy to  this  country  would  eventually  be  made  a  commission  to  represent 
China  at  the  World's  Fair  and  see  that  the  rights  of  its  citizens  were  thoroughly 
protected.  The  general  indications  are  that  China  will  be  represented  in  many 
of  the  important  departments  of  the  Exposition  and  will  probably  erect  a  build- 
ing on  the  grounds. 

COLOMBIA. — Colombia's  display  is  particularly  attractive.  Its  building  is 
modeled  after  the  capitol  at  Bogota.  The  exterior  is  in  imitation  of  the  sand- 
stone of  which  the  capitol  is  built,  while  the  interior  is  finished  in  the  valuable 
hardwoods  of  the  country,  comprising  more  than  a  hundred  varieties. 

COSTA  RICA. — Among  the  first  exhibits  received  in  Chicago  for  the  World's 
Fair  of  1893,  were  ten  cases  of  curios  and  antiques  collected  in  Costa  Rica  by 
the  Latin-American  bureau.     Lieut.  Scriven  was  specially  detailed  to  make  the 
20 


306      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


collection.  It  was  valued  at  $500.  This  little  Republic  appropriated  $50,000  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  her  display.  Her  exhibits  are  to  be  found  in  nearly  every 
one  of  the  principal  departments. 

CUBA. — The  exhibit  from  Cuba  is  principally  remarkable  for  the  wonderful 
floral  and  horticultural  specimens  which  it  includes.  These  are  to  be  found  in 
the  proper  departments.  Cuba  also  contributes  to  other  departments  of  the 
Exposition,  particularly  to  the  manufactures,  where  her  display  of  tobaccos  and 
cigars  will  attract  general  attention. 

DENMARK. — The  Danish  exhibit  comprises  contributions  to  nearly  all  de- 
partments, and  particularly  to  those  of  fine  arts,  agriculture  and  manufactures. 
The  sum  of  $55,000  was  set  apart  by  Denmark  in  order  to  show  as  a  leading 
feature  of  its  exhibit  a  Danish  dairy  complete  and  in  full  operation. 

DUTCH  WEST  INDIES. — The  Dutch  colonies  of  the  West  Indies,  composed  of 
the  Islands  of  Curacoa,  St.  Martins,  Bonaire,  Aruba,  St.  Eustache  and  Saba,  are 
represented  by  special  exhibits  in  several  departments. 

ECUADOR. — The  President  of  Ecuador  early  in  1892  decreed  that  the  Gover- 
nor of  each  state  of  the  Republic  should  collect  and  forward  to  Quito  exhibits  of 
all  kinds  illustrating  the  riches  and  the  productions  of  the  country.  The  Consul- 
General  of  the  United  States  in  Quito  directed  the  Consuls  and  Vice-Consuls  and 
Consular  Agents  at  different  points  in  Ecuador  to  assist  the  Governors  of  states 
in  every  way  possible  in  the  collection  of  articles  relating  to  commerce  with 
exterior  countries.  The  best  of  these  exhibits  so  collected  and  exhibited  in 
Quito  during  the  National  Exposition  held  there  in  1892,  were  forwarded  to 
Chicago.  The  President  of  Ecuador  also  named  Commissioners  to  Chicago,  and 
a  sufficient  sum  was  appropriated  to  meet  the  expenses.  The  state  of  Esnie- 
ralda  makes  a  special  exhibit  of  gold  and  gold  ores  from  the  mines  of  Ibarra, 
rubber,  and  other  lowland  products.  The  department  of  Guayaquil  also  has  a 
special  exhibit.  Ecuador  has  her  own  building  on  the  grounds.  Ecuador  is 
represented  in  many  of  the  leading  departments. 

ENGLAND. — England  made  application  for  200,000  square  feet  of  floor  space 
for  exhibits,  or  nearly  five  square  miles.  This  was  equal  to  the  space  asked  for 
by  Germany,  and  indicated  at  an  early  day  the  international  character  of  the 
Exposition.  The  exhibits  from  England  are  on  a  greater  and  grander  scale  than 
were  ever  seen  before  outside  of  London  Expositions.  England  contributes  to 
every  department  of  the  Fair.  It  is  unsettled,  at  this  date,  whether  the  Irish 
exhibit  shall  be  included  in  England's.  The  Scotch  exhibit  certainly  will. 
Both  of  these  kingdoms  contribute  very  creditable  displays. 

FRANCE. — France  asked  for  25,000  square  feet  of  space  for  its  picture  exhibits 
alone.  The  leading  men  of  France  became  interested  in  the  Columbian  Expo- 
sition early  in  1892,  and  from  that  time  on  the  collections  made  in  France  and 
forwarded  to  this  country  gave  every  assurance  that  France  would  maintain  her 
pre-eminent  position  among  the  industrial  nations  of  the  world.  France  occu- 
pies 100,000  square  feet  in  the  manufactures,  10,000  in  the  machinery,  and  10,000 
in  the  live  stock  departments.  The  first  appropriation  made  by  France  for  the 
expenses  of  the  exhibit  amounted  to  3,250,000  francs,  or  about  $650,000. 

GERMANY. — The  demand  of  German}-  for  200.000  square  feet  of  floor  space 
early  in  1892  indicated  pretty  clearly  the  intentions  of  that  empire  with  regard 


VERMONT. 


MISSOURI. 


MICHIGAN. 


CONNECTICUT. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  309 


to  the  Columbian  Exposition.  The  interest  of  the  people  of  Berlin,  Dresden, 
Leipsig,  Stuttgart,  Nuremburg,  Hamburg,  and,  in  fact,  of  all  the  leading  com- 
mercial, manufacturing,  art  and  educational  centers  of  Germany,  has  been  cen- 
tered in  the  Columbian  Exposition  for  over  two  years.  The  first  appropriation 
made  by  the  German  government  to  defray  the  expenses  of  its  exhibit  amounted 
to  900,000  marks.  This,  however,  was  quickly  swallowed  up,  and  large  addi- 
tional appropriations  became  necessary. 

GREECE. — The  financial  situation  in  Greece  prevented  that  kingdom  from 
doing  what  it  would  have  liked  to  do  in  the  way  of  sending  an  art  exhibit  to 
the  Columbian  Exposition.  It  proposed  a  display  of  casts  and  models  of  the 
Greek  art  schools,  the  value  of  which,  it  is  said,  can  scarcely  be  overestimated, 
and  asked  that  the  Columbian  Exposition  Company  pay  a  sum  ranging  between 
$20,000  and  $200,000  for  this  proposed  exhibit.  This  proposition  is  referred  to 
under  the  head  of  Art  department. 

GUATEMALA. — Guatemala  started  out  by  appropriating  $100,000  in  gold  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  its  exhibit  at  Chicago.  Later  on  an  appropriation  of 
$20,000  was  added  to  pay  for  the  erection  of  a  suitable  building  to  be  used  as 
headquarters  for  this  republic.  The  greatest  interest  in  the  Exposition  WPS 
manifested  in  Guatemala  from  the  first.  This  country  contributes  its  national 
band  to  the  Exposition.  It  will  perform  daily.  This  band  is  the  third  largest 
in  the  world,  that  of  Austria  being  first  and  the  Mexican  National  Band  being 
second.  It  is  composed  of  200  performers. 

HAYTI. — The  congress  of  Hayti  appropriated  $25,000  for  its  exhibits. 
Frederic  Douglas,  the  celebrated  American  negro,  is  in  charge  of  the  Haytian 
display,  which  is  a  very  creditable  one. 

HOLLAND. — The  Netherlands  not  only  contribute  one  of  the  finest  collec- 
tions of  paintings  from  the  Dutch  masters,  but  are  represented  in  the  Liberal 
Arts  and  Mechanical  departments  quite  fully.  Some  of  the  most  unique  and 
interesting  exhibits  displayed  at  the  Exposition  came  from  Holland. 

HONDURAS. — The  exhibits  of  Honduras  are  very  attractive  and  interesting. 
One  of  the  measures  adopted  in  that  country  for  raising  the  necessary  funds 
\vas  the  establishment  of  a  national  lottery.  The  exhibits  forwarded  are  classi- 
fied under  the  heads  Minerals,  Wood,  Agriculture,  Drugs,  Animal  Kingdom, 
Ethnology,  Industries  and  General  Information,  and  include  a  geological  col- 
lection showing  the  mineral  wealth  of  Honduras  in  building  stone  as  well  as  in 
such  semi-precious  stones  as  opals,  etc. 

INDIA. — No  money  was  appropriated  by  the  Indian  government,  but  the 
viceroy  declared  he  would  encourage  private  exhibitors  in  every  way  possible. 
Indian  exhibits  began  to  arrive  early  in  1892.  Several  Indian  princes  will 
attend  the  Exposition. 

IRELAND. — An  effort  was  made  by  the  Irish  members  of  Parliament  to  sep- 
arate the  Irish  from  the  British  exhibit,  and  to  secure  an  independent  subsidy 
from  the  crown.  Before  this  question  was  determined  the  Countess  of  Aber- 
deen, a  patriotic  Irish  lady,  took  the  matter  of  collecting  an  exhibit  of  Irish 
industries  in  hand,  and  raised  between  $15,000  and  $20,000  in  this  country,  her 
object  being  to  have  an  independent  room  in  the  Women's  "building. 

ITALY.— The  United  States  was  not  on   amicable  diplomatic  terms  with 


, 


310      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLDS  FAIR. 


Italy  in  1891,  and  there  was  no  resumption  of  relations  until  late  in  1892.  This 
was  the  result  of  the  Italian  massacre  in  New  Orleans.  Accordingly  it  was 
feared  that  Italy  would  take  no  part  in  the  Exposition.  Commissioners  Hig- 
ginbotham  and  Bryan  visited  southern  Europe  in  1892  and  paid  particular 
attention  to  Italy.  Before  they  returned  an  entente  cordiale  was  established, 
and  they  brought  back  assurances  that  Ital}-  would  do  her  part  toward  giving 
an  international  complexion  to  the  World's  Fair.  The  king  has  officially  rec- 
ognized the  Exposition  by  the  appointment  of  a  World's  Fair  Commission. 
Although  no  appropriation  will  be  made,  the  government  will  in  all  probability 
transport  Italian  exhibits  without  cost  to  exhibitors. 

JAPAN. — Japan  leads  all  foreign  countries  in  the  amount  of  its  appropria- 
tion for  the  World's  Fair.  The  empire  of  the  Mikado  was  willing  to  spend 
more  money  in  making  an  exhibit  in  1893  than  man}-  of  the  countries  of 
Europe,  so  far  as  their  appropriations  were  first  reported.  Exposition  officials 
were  both  surprised  and  pleased  to  receive  authoritative  information  that  the 
Japanese  Parliament  had  set  aside  $630,765  for  a  display  at  the  Fair.  It  is 
thorough  and  shows  everything  of  interest  which  the  ingenious  people  of  Japan 
manufacture  or  otherwise  produce.  In  appropriating  the  money  the  Parlia- 
ment took  occasion  to  authorize  its  expenditure  as  follows  :  During  the  year 
1891.  #51,495  ;  1892,  $313,098  ;  1893,  $241,536  ;  1894,  524,636.  Japan  made  a  novel 
proposition  for  the  consideration  of  the  World's  Fair  management.  It  offered, 
if  a  suitable  location  should  be  granted,  to  reproduce  a  building  of  the  most 
ancient  style  of  architecture  of  Japan,  and  make  to  the  city  of  Chicago  a  gift  of 
the  structure  at  the  close  of  the  World's  Fair.  The  offer  to  do  this  canie  from 
the  Japanese  government.  The  estimated  cost,  including  the  elaboration  of  the 
gardens  about  it,  was  figured  at  $100,000.  This  edifice,  with  all  its  surround- 
ings, will  be  tendered  to  the  city  of  Chicago  as  a  permanent  monument  of 
Japanese  architecture  and  landscape  gardening. 

Japan  was  given  40,000  square  feet  for  the  purpose  indicated  in  the  north 
end  of  the  wooded  island.  In  addition  to  this  Japan  consumes  over  90,000 
square  feet ;  in  the  Manufactures  building,  35,000  ;  Agricultural  building,  4,000; 
Fine  Arts,  2,000  ;  Mines  and  Mining,  750  ;  Forestry,  350  ;  Bazaars,  42,000. 

Japan  makes  a  magnificent  display  in  all  of  the  principal  buildings,  and  has 
a  Japanese  tea  house  on  the  lake  front  and  a  bazaar  on  the  Midway  Plaisance. 

MADEIRA. — The  Governor  of  Madeira  accepted  the  invitation  to  participate 
in  the  Exposition  early  in  1892,  and  the  work  of  collecting  an  exhibit  began  at 
once.  The  display  made  by  this  province  is  worth}-  of  attention.  There  are 
numerous  Columbus  relics  in  the  exhibit. 

MEXICO. — The  nearest  Republican  neighbor  of  the  United  States  makes  one 
of  the  most  prominent  as  well  as  one  of  the  handsomest  displays  in  each  of  the 
great  departments  of  the  Exposition.  It  was  announced  quite  early  that 
#2,000,000  would  be  expended  upon  the  exhibit  of  this  Republic,  and  the  fact 
that  the  first  appropriation  amounted  to  5/50,000,  which  was  intended  merely 
to  be  preliminary,  justified  this  prediction. 

The  Mexican  exhibits  are  to  be  seen  in  nearly  every  department  of  the  Ex- 
position. The  floral  display  of  the  Republic  is  one  of  the  handsomest  to  be 
seen  in  the  Horticultural  Building:. 


THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  311 


MOROCCO.— The  Moorish  minister  of  foreign  affairs  communicated  with  the 
United  States  Consul  at  Tangier  immediately  on  receipt  of  the  invitation  to 
participate  in  the  Exposition  and  asked  that  space  be  reserved  for  Morocco. 
Hassan  Ben  Ali  took  charge  of  the  exhibit.  Morocco  makes  a  very  interesting 
showing  in  the  transportation  department,  where  some  horses,  saddles,  and 
other  equestrian  equipments  from  that  country  are  displayed. 

NEWFOUNDLAND.— The  colony  of  Newfoundland  participates  in  the  Ex- 
position and  makes  an  independent  display  close  to  that  of  the  Dominion  and 
other  English  colonies.  It  is  also  represented  largely  in  the  fisheries  de- 
partment. 

NICARAGUA. — Nicaragua  set  aside  $30,000  for  her  display  at  the  Exposition. 
It  is  the  best  exhibit  the  country  has  ever  made.  Senor  Don  Sallaverri,  who 
had  charge  of  Nicaragua's  exhibit  at  Paris,  arranged  the  country's  display  here. 

NORWAY  AND  SWEDEN.— The  amount  raised  in  Norway  and  Sweden,  in- 
cluding government  and  private  subscriptions  towards  defraying  the  expenses 
of  the  exhibit,  was  about  1150,000.  It  is  understood  that  Norway  and  Sweden 
will  each  have  a  building  on  the  grounds. 

PANAMA. — The  little  government  of  Panama  is  well  represented  in  the  dif- 
ferent departments,  especially  in  that  of  horticulture.  The  marble  slab  pre- 
sented by  the  Empress  Josephine  to  Panama,  and  many  other  novel  and  curious 
articles  are  exhibited. 

PARAGUAY. — The  government  of  Paraguay  very  speedily  accepted  the  in- 
vitation to  participate,  and  the  president  of  the  republic  was  authorized  to  use 
whatever  public  funds  he  deemed  necessary  to  enable  Paraguay  to  make  a 
proper  exhibit.  The  republic  makes  an  excellent  display. 

PERSIA. — The  government  of  Persia  as  a  first  evidence  of  friendship  toward 
the  Exposition  lifted  the  export  duty  on  all  goods  sent  to  the  World's  Fair  and 
all  goods  which  might  be  purchased  and  returned  to  that  country  by  visitors  to 
the  Exposition.  This  was  looked  upon  at  the  time  as  a  most  liberal  concession. 
The  most  important  portion  of  the  Persian  exhibit  is  to  be  seen  in  the  Manu- 
factures Building,  where  there  is  a  magnificent  display  of  carpets,  rugs,  shawls 
and  fabrics  from  that  country.  Ivories,  curios  and  contributions  to  the  art  and 
other  departments  are  also  numerous.  The  representative  of  the  Shah  of  Persia 
is  M.  E.  Spencer  Pratt,  formerly  United  States  Minister  to  Persia. 

PERU. — The  exhibit  made  by  Peru  is  certainh-  equal  to  that  made  by  any  of 
the  Latin-American  republics,  with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  Mexico  and 
Brazil.  A  national  exposition  was  held  at  Lima  in  May,  1892.  This  was  known 
as  a  "  Congress  of  Producers."  The  exhibition  continued  several  months,  and 
when  it  closed  the  entire  exhibits  were  shipped  to  Chicago.  The  first  appropri- 
ation made  by  Peru  amounted  to  $25,000. 

RUSSIA. — Although  one  of  the  most  dreadful  famines  of  recent  years  pre- 
vailed throughout  the  Empire  during  the  greater  part  of  1892,  the  interest  of  the 
Russian  Government  and  people  in  the  Columbian  Exposition  was  not  per- 
mitted to  languish.  The  Imperial  Government  appointed  a  commission  of 
which  the  famous  Count  Tolstoi,  the  novelist  and  statesman,  was  a  member,  and 
the  work  of  preparation,  though  hindered  by  the  depressed  financial  condition 
of  the  Empire,  went  steadily  on.  The  Russian  Government  undertook  to  bear 


312     PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


all  expenses  for  transportation  and  insurance  of  private  exhibits.  Every  ex- 
hibitor, whether  from  European  or  Asiatic  Russia,  who  had  goods  of  historic, 
artistic  or  economic  value  to  offer  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  Exposition  was 
encouraged  to  send  them.  Russia  is  represented  in  every  one  of  the  leading  de- 
partments in  a  manner  befitting  the  greatness  of  the  Empire. 

ROUMAXIA. — Roumania  contributes  exhibits  to  the  Art  and  several  other 
departments.  Her  display  is  in  every  way  more  prominent  than  at  the  last 
Paris  Exposition. 

SAN  DOMINGO. — Many  interesting  relics  from  this  island  are  on  exhibition. 
The  most  valuable  and  the  most  interesting  perhaps  is  the  first  church  bell 
that  ever  rang  out  in  the  New  World.  It  was  presented  to  the  colonists  of  the 
first  settlement  of  San  Domingo  by  Queen  Isabella  in  appreciation  of  the  fact 
that  the  first  settlement  bore  her  name.  There  is  also  an  exact  reproduction  of 
the  cross  which  Columbus  raised  immediately  upon  landing.  The  material  of 
the  cross  is  the  same  exactly  as  that  which  Columbus  nailed  up,  having  been 
taken  from  the  wood  of  a  building  erected  in  1509.  There  are  also  in  this  col- 
lection fac-similes  of  the  doors  which  close  the  cells  in  which  the  bones  of  Co- 
lumbus repose.  The  collection  of  relics  is  very  extensive  and  is  contained  in 
a  building  erected  for  this  special  purpose. 

SANDWICH  ISLANDS. — A  separate  building  is  devoted  to  exhibits  of  the 
government  of  Hawaii.  The  collection  in  the  department  of  agriculture,  from 
these  islands,  include  rice,  arrowroot,  sugar  cane,  sugar  models  and  machinery 
for  making  sugar,  photographs  of  mills,  coffee  in  the  berry,  in  the  shell,  cleaned 
and  growing.  In  the  forestry  department  are  shown  trees  of  every  description 
and  in  the  horticultural  department  a  great  variety  of  fruit.  In  the  floricul- 
tural  department  many  beautiful  palms  are  exhibited,  and  in  the  department  of 
viticulture  will  be  found  a  display  of  grapes,  preserved  fruits  of  every  descrip- 
tion, dried  or  in  alcohol  or  in  syrups.  The  Islands  are  also  represented  by  fish, 
fish  products  and  manufactures,  including  gold  ornaments,  palm  leaf,  bamboo, 
feather  work,  artificial  flowers,  seed  work,  etc. 

SERVIA. — The  kingdom  of  Servia  sends  a  large  and  interesting  display,  a 
great  portion  of  which  was  taken  from  the  government  museums  and  stores, 
and  of  articles  such  as  ancient  armor,  tapestries. 

SIAM. — The  kingdom  of  Siam  charged  the  commissioner  of  agriculture  to 
charter  one  or  more  vessels  and  load  them  with  the  products  of  the  farms, 
mines,  forests  and  manufactories  of  that  country  and  ship  them  to  Chicago. 
The  exhibit  which  is  made  here  eclipses  that  made  at  the  Paris  Exposition, 
where  it  carried  off  the  honors  of  the  Oriental  section. 

SOUTH  AFRICA. — The  exhibits  from  South  Africa  include  those  of  the 
British  colonies,  Orange  Free  States  and  other  settlements.  These  are  scattered 
through  the  various  departments  of  the  Exposition.  Cape  Colony  alone  appro- 
priated $25,000,  and  the  De  Beers  Compan}r  a  like  amount.  Zanzibar  exhibits 
among  other  things  a  score  of  pigmies  from  the  east  coast  of  Africa. 

SOUTH  AMERICA.  —The  exhibits  from  South  America  include  those  from 
all  of  the  so-called  Latin -American  republics,  and  are  referred  to  here  under  the 
headings  of  the  different  countries  represented.  In  the  spring  of  1892  commis- 
sioners had  been  appointed  and  appropriations  made  to  pay  the  expenses  of  rep- 


GERMAN. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  315 


resentation  of  the  South  American  republics  which  exceeded  in  the  aggregate 
the  sum  of  $2,000,000  more  than  had  been  provided  up  to  that  time  by  the 
United  States,  with  Illinois  excepted. 

SOUTH  SEA  ISLANDS.— The  South  Sea  Islands  are  represented  at  the  Expo- 
sition. The  nature  of  their  display  was  not  known  to  the  Exposition  manage- 
ment when  this  book  went  to  press. 

SPAIN.  — It  is  but  natural  that  Spain  should  have  taken  more  than  an  ordi- 
nary interest  in  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  designed  as  it  is  to  cele- 
brate the  most  glorious  achievement  in  the  history  of  that  nation — the  discovery 
of  America.  For  many  reasons,  however,  but  principally  because  the  financial 
situation  in  Spain  is  depressed,  the  display  made  by  that  country  does  not 
compare  favorably  with  that  by  other  European  nations.  Spain  is  represented 
in  nearly  all  of  the  principal  departments.  The  Queen  Regent  of  Spain  sends  a 
portrait  of  the  youthful  king.  Many  of  the  jewels  and  other  possessions  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  are  exhibited  in  the  Spanish  collection. 

SWITZERLAND. — There  was  considerable  feeling  manifested  in  Switzerland 
against  the  United  States  and  the  World's  Fair,  owing  to  the  passage  of  the 
McKinley  bill,  which  it  was  claimed  would  have  the  effect  of  depressing  the 
trade  of  that  country.  Besides  it  was  held  that  to  exhibit  the  expensive  and 
complicated  pattern  of  embroideries  would  result  in  having  the  trade  of  Swiss 
manufacturers  injured  by  cheap  imitations,  as  had  been  the  case  at  Paris.  The 
sentiment  in  Switzerland,  however,  underwent  a  very  decided  change  upon  the 
arrival  of  the  Columbian  Commission.  The  importance  of  the  World's  Fair, 
and  the  gigantic  nature  of  the  enterprise  having  been  laid  before  them,  the 
manufacturers  quickly  decided  to  make  an  exhibit,  and  the  government  was 
called  upon  to  make  a  suitable  grant.  .  Among  the  attractions  of  the  Swiss 
exhibit  is  a  magnificent  display  made  by  the  watchmakers  of  that  country. 
Switzerland  is  represented  in  nearly  every  department  of  the  Exposition. 

TRINIDAD. — Trinidad  was  the  thirty-first  nation  to  accept  an  invitation  to 
participate  in  the  Columbian  Exposition.  The  display  made  by  this  little 
country  is  very  interesting  and  creditable. 

TURKEY. — Enthusiasm  for  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  and  material 
assistance  in  making  it  an  international  affair,  strangely  enough  came  at  the 
beginning  from  nations  that  were  not  expected  to  participate  to  any  great  ex- 
tent. This  fact  was  particularly  exemplified  in  the  cases  of  Japan  and  Turkey. 
The  Turkish  flag  was  the  first  foreign  flag  hoisted  at  the  World's  Fair  grounds. 
This  event  occurred  on  September  20,  1891,  with  appropriate  ceremonies.  The 
flag  was  raised  on  the  site  which  Robert  Levy,  of  Constantinople,  secured  for 
his  Turkish  specialties.  The  Sultan  took  a  great  personal  interest  in  the  Ex- 
position, and  gave  orders  concerning  certain  exhibits  which  make  a  showing 
of  Turkish  progress  in  science  and  education.  He  officially  signified  his  con- 
sent to  the  erection  of  a  mosque,  to  be  used  by  Mussulmans  for  religious  ser- 
vices during  the  Exposition.  The  supervision  of  the  construction  of  the 
mosque  was  committed  to  the  imperial  Turkish  commissioner  and  cost  $3,000. 
The  merchants  of  Smyrna  occupy  about  1,000  square  feet  of  space  in  an  ex- 
hibit of  the  finest  Turkish  rugs  and  carpets.  Turkey  is  represented  in  nearly 
even-  one  of  the  leading  departments.  The  Turkish  commissioner  is  Hakki 


316      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE   WORLD'S  FAIR. 


Bey,  translator  at  the  imperial  palace,  and  Fahni  Bey,  of  the  general  post-office, 
is  sub-commissioner.  In  addition  to  these,  other  representatives  of  the  Turkish 
government  and  Imperial  Palace  are  daily  on  the  grounds. 

URUGUAY. — The  display  of  the  government  of  Uruguay  is  in  charge  of  the 
rural  association,  and  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  to  be  seen.  The  Rural  As- 
sociation of  Paraguay  is  an  important  national  organization,  and  has  spared  no 
pains  or  expense  in  making  the  exhibit  creditable.  This  association  managed 
the  Uruguay  display  at  Paris.  The  republic  is  well  represented  in  the  agricul- 
ture, live-stock  and  educational  departments. 

DEDICATION  DAY  PROGRAMME.— The  dedication  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  took  place  October  21,  1892.  The  pro- 
gramme agreed  upon  for  the  first  three  days  devoted  to  the  festivities  was 
as  follows : 

1.  March  for  orchestra.     Written  for  the  occasion  by  John  K.  Payne. 

2.  Prayer  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Brooks,  of  Massachusetts. 

3.  Report  of  the  World's  Columbian  Commission  by  the  Director- 
General. 

4.  Presentation  of  the  buildings,  for  dedication,  by  the  President  of 
the  World's  Fair  Columbian  Exposition  to  the  President  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Commission. 

5.  Chorus,  "  The  Heavens  Are  Telling  " — Haydn. 

6.  Presentation  of  the  buildings,  for  dedication,  by  the  President  of 
World's  Columbian  Commission  to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

7.  March  and  chorus  from  "The  Ruins  of  Athens" — Beethoven. 

8.  Dedication  of  the  buildings  by  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

9.  Hallelujah  chorus  from  the  Messiah — Handel. 

10.  Dedicatory  Oration  by  the  Hon.  William  C.  P.  Breckinridge,  of 
Kentucky. 

11.  Dedicatory  Ode.     Words  by  Miss  Harriet  Monroe;  music  by  E. 
A.  McDowell. 

12.  "  Star-Spangled-Banner  "  and  "America,"  with  full  chorus  and 
orchestral  accompaniment. 

13.  National  salute. 

DEDICATION  OF  THE  BUILDINGS,  ETC.— In  the  dedicatory 
exercises  on  the  i2th,  the  completed  buildings  were  tendered  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Exposition  to  the  National  Commission.  President  T.  W. 
Palmer  accepted  them  on  behalf  of  that  body  and  at  once  presented  them 
to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  who  fitting^  responded.  The 
dedicatory  oration  followed.  Much  attention  was  given  to  the  musical 
portion  of  the  programme.  This  included  the  dedicatory  ode  and  or- 
chestra marches  written  for  the  occasion.  These  and  other  numbers,  in- 
cluding "America"  and  "Star-Spangled  Banner,"  were  rendered  with  full 
choral  and  orchestral  accompaniment. 


THE   WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  317 


In  April,  1893,  a  grand  international  naval  review,  preliminary  to  the 
opening  of  the  Exposition,  as  provided  for  by  Act  of  Congress,  will  be 
held  in  New  York  harbor. 

FIRE  WORKS. — For  a  consideration  of  $25,000  Mr.  James  Payn,  cf 
London,  gave  a  display  of  fire- works  at  the  dedicatory  ceremonies,  that 
excelled  in  magnificence  anything  of  the  kind  ever  attempted.  There 
were  three  displays  on  as  many  nights.  The  first  night's  programme 
included  a  salute  of  100  aerial  maroons,  four  and  one-half  inches  in 
diameter,  fired  from  iron  mortars.  Following  this  was  a  grand  device,  re- 
presenting Chicago's  welcome  to  all  the  nations  of  the  earth.  Then  came 
Columbus  and  his  departure  from  Spain,  and  a  floating  star-spangled 
banner,  which  remained  in  the  air  for  hours. 

On  the  second  night  a  grand  device  in  honor  of  the  army  and  navy 
was  given.  A  scene  from  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  was  selected.  After 
this  was  shown  a  prismatic  fountain,  a  reproduction  of  the  Capitol  at 
Washington  and  many  other  equally  striking  and  beautiful  pictures. 

On  the  third  night  was  shown  a  reproduction  of  the  facade  of  the 
Administration  building  and  devices  showing  the  portraits  of  the  Exposi- 
tion officials. 

The  grand  display  was  closed  with  an  illumination  of  the  entire  Lake 
Front  from  Van  Buren  Street  to  Jackson  Park,  together  with  the  lagoons 
and  the  canal  with  a  crowning  device  representing  the  Goddess  of  Peace 
surrounded  by  Science,  Art  and  Literature,  with  glimpses  of  the  Brooklyn 
bridge,  the  Eiffel  Tower  and  other  famous  structures. 

MILITARY  DISPLAY.— Fifteen  thousand  troops  at  least,  with  all 
the  crack  artillery  companies  in  the  country,  were  present  for  the  week  of 
the  World's  Fair  dedicatory  ceremonies.  The  display  of  troops  was  par- 
ticularly impressive,  and  there  was  the  greatest  display  of  artillery  here 
ever  brought  together  in  one  place  in  the  United  States  si  ice  the  close  of 
the  Civil  War.  Ohio  sent  1,000  men,  Indiana  500,  Illinois  3,000,  Mis- 
souri 500,  Iowa  500,  Minnesota  500,  Wisconsin  1,000,  Michigan  1,000. 
This  makes  atotal  of  8,500  troops  specially  invited.  In  addition  there 
were  5,000  regulars  of  the  United  States  army. 

The  encampment  lasted  from  Oct.  1 1  to  Oct.  14  inclusive.  The  Ex- 
position management  furnished  quarters  and  subsistence  during  the 
encampment.  Beyond  the  number  of  men  of  the  National  Guard  of  the 
United  States  army  indicated,  the  Governors  of  many  of  the  States  were 
accompanied  by  their  guards. 

The  entire  cost  of  the  encampment  is  estimated  at  $30,000.  The 
reasons  for  inviting  the  Governors  of  the  States  adjoining  or  near  to 
Illinois  to  send  the  specified  allotment  of  troops  was  because  of  their 
proximity.  In  the  summer  of  1893  there  will  be  another  encampment, 


318      PICTURESQUE  CHICAGO  AND  GUIDE  TO  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR, 


when  it  is  expected  that  troops  from  a  distance  will  be  present.     Gen. 
Nelson  A.  Miles  will  have  charge  of  the  military  display. 

PROCESSION  OF  CENTURIES.— After  months  of  deliberation 
the  joint  committee  representing  the  National  Commission  and  Board  of 
Directors  adopted  twenty-four  floats,  which  formed  the  procession  of 
centuries.  These  floats  were  drawn  around  through  the  canals  and 
lagoons  of  Jackson  Park  on  dedication  night.  They  were  built  at  an 
average  expense  of  $3,800  each,  or  a  total  cost  of  $91,200.  Following  is 
the  list  of  floats  : 

1.  The  Stone  Age ;  representing  the  cliff-dwellers  and  the  Toltecs. 

2.  The  Bronze  Age  ;  representing  the  Aztecs  ,and  the  mound-builders. 

3.  The  Aboriginal  Age  ;  representing  the  American  Indians. 

4.  Columbus  at  the  Court  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 

5.  Departure  of  Columbus  from  Palos. 

6.  The  discovery  of  America. 

7.  Columbus  before  the  Court  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  presenting 
natives  and  the  strange  products  of  the  new  country. 

8.  English  Cavaliers  and  the  Settlement  of  Jamestown. 

9.  Hendrick  Hudson ;  Discovery  of  the  Hudson  river;  Dutch  Settle- 
ment at  New  Amsterdam. 

10.  Landing  of  the  Pilgrams. 

1 1 .  Illustration  of  early  Puritan  Life. 

12.  Ferdinand  de  Soto;  Discovery  of  the  Mississippi. 

13.  Pere  Marquette,  Chevalier  La  Salle,  and  the  Northwest. 

14.  Washington  and  his  Generals. 

15.  Signing  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

16.  Union  of  the  Colonies ;    the  thirteen  original  States ;    the  sister- 
hood of  the  great  Republic ;  welcoming  the  Territories  to  the  constella- 
tion of  States. 

17.  "Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  its  way." 

1 8.  The  genius  of  invention  ;  application  of  steam,  etc. 

19.  Electricity  and  electric  appliances. 

20.  War;  representing  valor,  sacrifice,  power,  death,  devastation. 

21.  Peace;  representing  tranquillity,  security,  prosperity,  happiness. 

22.  Agriculture. 

23.  Science,  art  and  literature. 

24.  Universal   freedom  of  man  ;  equal  rights;  law  and  justice:  lib- 
erty enlightening  the  world. 


PERSPECTIVE 

MAP    OF    CHICAGO 

Locating 

WORLD'S  FAIR  GROUNDS 


UfiSB  LIBRARY 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


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